“…Research on motivation makes clear that a physically and emotionally safe, predictable classroom learning environment facilitates the development of social, emotional, and academic competencies, such as those intimated by the CCR standards (Hamre & Pianta, 2005; Zins & Elias, 2007). For example, self-determination theory posits that students demonstrate autonomous motivation when they internalize habits and regulatory processes rather than rely on external regulation and verification of self-worth (Anderman et al, 2012). Research has consistently shown autonomy-supportive teaching practices are associated with student behavior that aligns with the CCR conception of “productive struggle”—increased student effort, persistence, initiative, engagement, enjoyment, deep processing, and success during academic tasks (Anderman et al, 2012; Deci & Ryan, 1980; Jang et al, 2009; Senko et al, 2011; Vansteenkiste et al, 2004).…”