“…These sources include the Lancaster group (Entwistle and Wilson, 1970;Entwistle, Thompson and Wilson, 1974), the Australian group (Biggs, 1978;1987a), the Swedish group Saljo, 1976a, 1976b), and the Richmond group (Pask, 1976). Some researchers have adopted quantitative methods based on psychometric techniques (Biggs 1987a, Entwistle andWilson, 1970), whereas others used more qualitative methods, for example, the phenomenographical approach (Lucas, 2001).…”