Motivation�Expectancy�Value: A functional measurement approach

Measurement of motivation and incentive

“…Similar ideas, often in a more cognitive form, have been used by many other investigators (see, e.g., Klitzner & Anderson, 1977). For example, approach tendencies are generally assumed to follow the multiplying MEV model, Motivation X Expectancy X Incentive Value.…”

“…For the present data, it seems enough to plot the raw data and look at the graph. In general, of course, a statistical test of goodness of fit is required, as discussed and illustrated elsewhere (e.g., Klitzner & Anderson, 1977 The analysis of these data proceeds in the manner outlined above. First the column means are calculated; these are the provisional fear values of the four snakes.…”

“…Exact statistical tests are available and in general they are necessary. It should be noted that repeated-measurements design produces a bias in the test of the residual (Anderson, 1976, Footnote 1, 1977b) that may be avoidable with individual-subjects design (e.g., Klitzner & Anderson, 1977).…”

“…Not only has the model been verified, but the analysis provides validated linear scales of the two stimulus variables, motivation and valence. An Experiment on Anticipated Fear In this experiment, a preliminary study in an investigation of snake phobia (Klitzner, 1977), subjects used a graphic rating scale to indicate how frightening they would consider such situations as "There is a rattler in your backyard." One of the designs that was used is shown in Table 2.…”

“…For example, the incentive value of a meal might be the sum of the incentive values of the component foods (Klitzner & Anderson, 1977;Shanteau & Anderson, 1969). Similarly, the net response tendency in a conflict situation might be conceptualized as the difference between approach and avoidance tendencies (Anderson, 1962).…”