How to cite:Tempelaar, Dirk; Rienties, Bart and Nguyen, Quan (2018). A multi-modal study into students' timing and learning regulation: time is ticking. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 15(4) pp. 298-313.For guidance on citations see FAQs. ' (Schumacher and Ifenthaler, 2018, p. 397). The use of multi-modal data, which is characterised by two or more distinct types of data, offers new insights into long-standing academic debates that have been addressed in the past with empirical studies based on survey data only. The availability of trace data derived from the use of technology-enhanced learning, trace data of both process and product types (Azevedo et al., 2013), is a crucial aspect in this progress made in analysing learning behaviours. (2015), analysing goal setting survey data in combination with trace data, or Sergis et al. (2018), analysing self-determination based motivational survey data in combination with trace data. A related approach is that of Dispositional Learning Analytics (DLA, Buckingham Shum and Crick, 2012), that proposes an infrastructure that combines learning data (generated in learning activities through technology-enhanced systems) with a broad range of learner data: student dispositions, values, and attitudes measured through self-report surveys. Learning dispositions represent individual difference characteristics that impact all learning processes and include affective, behavioural and cognitive facets (Rienties et al., 2017). Students' preferred learning approaches are examples of such dispositions of both cognitive and behavioural type. In a series of studies (Nguyen et al., 2016;Tempelaar et al., 2015Tempelaar et al., , 2017aTempelaar et al., , 2017bTempelaar et al., , 2018 we have analysed bi-modal data derived from a first-year introductory course mathematics and statistics, offered in blended mode, in which several survey instruments were applied, that cover learning dispositions thought to be important in self-regulated learning. Students' preferences for alternative feedback modes, distinguishing between learners who prefer worked-out examples, tutored problem-solving or untutored problem-solving and investigating the role of learning dispositions as an antecedent of these preferences, was one of the aims of these studies. In our current paper, we continue this line of research, whereby we now focus on learning regulation and especially the timing of learning as part of a self-regulated learning process, and investigate the role of antecedents in this regulation, thereby focussing on antecedents that are part of the framework of embodied motivation (Spector and Park, 2018).
Self-regulated learning and the timing of learningThere is an abundance of empirical research investigating learning time in self-regulated learning processes. Examples of such studies can be found in the domain of classical educational studies, such as Wolters et al. (2017) who find that students' self-perceptions of time management are associated with self-perceived motivational and strateg...