Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.

White, Robert W.

doi:10.1037/14156-005

Cited by 2,316 publications

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“…Kunda and Schwartz (1983) consider the will to fulfill a moral obligation and to assume responsibility as a special type of intrinsic motivation. Such intrinsic motivation might be either innate or learned (White 1959), and may thus change. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual.…”

Section: Conceptual Foundations: Moral Responsibility and Motivation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Morally Responsible Agents with Motivation Crowding

Fünfgelt

Baumgärtner

2012

SSRN Journal

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Abstract:We study the regulation of a morally responsible agent in the context of a negative consumption externality and motivation crowding. In particular, we analyze how various governmental interventions affect the agent's motivation to assume moral responsibility. Employing a motivation-crowding model, we find that morally motivated behavior will, in general, not ensure Pareto efficiency without intervention. A Pigouvian tax may be efficient under motivation crowding. But the efficient taxe rate needs to be higher, which may lead to a full crowding-out of moral motivation. By contrast, an inefficiently low taxe rate may increase the market failure due to motivation crowding. Provision of information is efficient only in very specific cases but may be effective in reducing the extent of market failure. A complementary tax-and-information policy approach is superior to a tax as single instrument if its aim is to reduce consumption and if provision of information raises moral motivation.JEL Classification: D03, D11, D62, H23, Q58

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Section: Conceptual Foundations: Moral Responsibility and Motivation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Morally Responsible Agents with Motivation Crowding

Fünfgelt

Baumgärtner

2012

SSRN Journal

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“…I shall consider all four definitions. White (1959) put forth the competence motivation definition of intrinsic motivation. He sought to reverse the influence of Hull-Spence behaviorism by striking at Hull's (1943) motivational construct of drive.…”

Section: The Four Definitions Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He reasserted the significance of the neo-Freudian (e.g., Erikson, 1950;Sullivan, 1953) "ego motives" such as competence, play, and curiosity. White (1959) held that competence motivation is the common root of the neo-Freudian ego motives, but he presented no scientific evidence to support this hypothesis. White did not develop a measure of competence motivation, and he made no predictions.…”

Section: The Four Definitions Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Curiosity, self-determination, and play, for example, are very different motives that may have little or nothing in common. Deci and Ryan's (1985) cognitive evaluation theory draws heavily on White's (1959) construct of competence motivation and, thus, has some of the same limitations. Their theory holds that people engage in intrinsically motivated behavior to feel competent and self-determining.…”

Section: The Four Definitions Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deci also wrote that, "White, like Berlyne, asserted that the energy for intrinsically motivated behavior comes from the central nervous system, rather than from tissue needs" (p. 75). White (1959) asserted that intrinsic motives are not "visceral needs comparable to hunger, thirst, or sex" (p. 301). Greene and Lepper (1974) referred to extrinsic motivation as "consisting of whatever the body is obliged to do," whereas intrinsic motivation "consists of whatever the body is not obliged to do" (p. 49).…”

Section: The Four Definitions Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation at 30: Unresolved scientific issues

Reiss¹

2005

BEHAV ANALYST

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The undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation remains unproven. The key unresolved issues are construct invalidity (all four definitions are unproved and two are illogical); measurement unreliability (the free-choice measure requires unreliable, subjective judgments to infer intrinsic motivation); inadequate experimental controls (negative affect and novelty, not cognitive evaluation, may explain "undermining" effects); and biased metareviews (studies with possible floor effects excluded, but those with possible ceiling effects included). Perhaps the greatest error with the undermining theory, however, is that it does not adequately recognize the multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation (Reiss, 2004a). Advice to limit the use of applied behavior analysis based on "hidden" undermining effects is ideologically inspired and is unsupported by credible scientific evidence.Key words: intrinsic motivation, cognitive evaluation theory Thirty years have passed since Sushinsky (1975, 1976) raised scientific questions about the then newly reported undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation. We argued that claims of undermining were premature. We questioned whether undermining effects were attribution phenomena or previously demonstrated negative effects of novel rewards, such as distraction, performance anxiety, frustrating delay, and so on. We suggested that greater attention needs to be paid to how rewards are used in undermining studies and to what behavior is actually rewarded. We specifically questioned the significance of undermining studies using only a single trial of reward. We also questioned the relevance of studies that provided reward contingent on time in activity regardless of what the person does with that time. We suggested that the usual symbolic effects of reinforcement, as commonly used in applied behavior analysis, are positive feedback, not cognitive reevaluation of intrinsic interest.Scores of new studies have been published in the 30 years since Sush-

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"Mentally Healthy" Young Males (Homoclites)

Grinker¹

1962

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.

Cited by 2,316 publications

References 0 publications

Regulation of Morally Responsible Agents with Motivation Crowding

Regulation of Morally Responsible Agents with Motivation Crowding

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation at 30: Unresolved scientific issues

"Mentally Healthy" Young Males (Homoclites)

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