“…In the United States the LTL industry was reported to be $46 billion in 2021 (Schulz 2021) while UPS reported $69.44 billion in revenue from its US and international small package operations in 2020 (UPS 2021). For every mode of transportation other than pipeline, one can find examples of carriers for whom the SSNDP is relevant (Barnhart and Schneur 1996, Bakir, Erera, and Savelsbergh 2021, Chouman and Crainic 2021, Christiansen et al 2021. Given the markets they serve, a key to the profitability of these carriers is the ability to consolidate multiple shipments into the same vehicle dispatch, increasing vehicle utilization and decreasing transportation costs.…”