Motor Coordination, Activity, and Fitness at 6 Years of Age Relative to Activity and Fitness at 10 Years of Age

Souza, Michele; Chaves, Raquel; Lopes, Vítor P.; Malina, Robert M.; Garganta, Rui; Seabra, André; Maia, José

doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0137

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the strength of associations across developmental time remains unclear . Over time, there is some evidence which shows that children's TPA levels decrease with age and that this condition may affect their GMC levels . Similarly, Lopes, Rodrigues, Maia, and Malina found that children's GMC influences their PA levels from 6 till 10 years of age, that is, less coordinated children decreased their PA with increasing age, whereas the opposite occurred with more coordinated children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children change their body size and composition as well as their body proportions and overall shape as they grow. Similarly, their motor performance (MP) and gross motor coordination (GMC) also increases with age . Whilst a number of correlates have potential to influence GMC, a recent systematic review established that child‐level variables such as age, sex (boys), physical activity, fitness, and weight status are all important .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further support for the importance of these variables in Portuguese children has been found by Chaves, Baxter‐Jones, Gomes, Souza, Pereira, and Maia, who reported that child‐level variables (sex, physical fitness, and body fat) explained 90% of the total variance in GMC, whilst the school‐level correlates only explained 10%. Additionally, De Souza, Chaves, Lopes, Malina, Garganta, Seabra, et al showed that children who were both fit and active at 10 years of age had a more favorable physical activity and fitness profile and better GMC at 6 years when compared to unfit and sedentary children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Modeling children's development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach

Santos

Nevill

Buranarugsa

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Children change their body size, shape, and gross motor coordination (GMC) as they grow. Further, GMC is expected to link to changes in children's body size, physical activity (PA), and physical fitness (PF). The objective was to model GMC changes in children followed longitudinally and to investigate associations between these changes and PA and PF levels. A total of 245 children (122 girls) were observed at 6 years of age and followed annually until 9 years. A sequence of allometric models was fitted, that is, 1. body mass, stature, and PA; 2. addition of four PF tests; 3. addition of four more PF tests. In Model 1, changes in GMC are nonlinear, and body mass (-0.60 ± 0.07, P < .001) and stature (2.91 ± 0.35, P < .001) parameter estimates were significant suggesting children with a more linear body size/shape showed higher GMC performances. Girls tend to outperform boys across time, and PA was not associated with GMC changes. Model 2 fitted the data better, and the PF tests (handgrip, standing long jump, 50-yard dash, and shuttle run) were significantly linked to GMC change. In Model 3, adding the remaining PF tests did not change the order of any factors importance. The greatest GMC changes were achieved by children whose body size/shape has an ectomorphic dominance across the years. Considering that leaner and physically fitter children tended to be more coordinated, physical education should also focus on PF development in components related to muscular strength, speed, agility, and aerobic capacity, along with nutritional education to reduce fat mass.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling children's development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach

Santos

Nevill

Buranarugsa

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, we need more longitudinal research that examines the development of motor competence over time and its relationship with other health-related outcomes. For instance, de Souza et al (2014) compared motor competence, physical activity and physical fitness of children at 6 years of age relative to their physical fitness and physical activity levels at 10 years. The authors found that children who were both fit and active at 10 years of age had a more favorable activity and fitness profile at 6 years and they were also more competent at 6 years compared to their unfit and sedentary peers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Change in Motor Competence: A Latent Growth Curve Analysis

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe development of childhood motor competence demonstrates a high degree of inter-individual variation. Some children’s competence levels increase whilst others’ competence levels remain unchanged or even decrease over time. However, few studies have examined this developmental change in motor competence across childhood and little is known on influencing factors.AimUsing latent growth curve modeling (LGCM), the present longitudinal study aimed to investigate children’s change in motor competence across a 2-year timespan and to examine the potential influence of baseline weight status and physical fitness on their trajectory of change in motor competence.Methods558 children (52.5% boys) aged between 6 and 9 years participated in this study. Baseline measurements included weight status, motor competence (i.e., Körperkoördinationstest für Kinder; KTK) and physical fitness (i.e., sit and reach, standing long jump and the 20 m shuttle run test). Motor competence assessment took place three times across a 2-year timespan. LGCM was conducted to examine change in motor competence over time.ResultsThe analyses showed a positive linear change in motor competence across 2 years (β = 28.48, p < 0.001) with significant variability in children’s individual trajectories (p < 0.001). Girls made less progress than boys (β = –2.12, p = 0.01). Children who were older at baseline demonstrated less change in motor competence (β = –0.33, p < 0.001). Weight status at baseline was negatively associated with change in motor competence over time (β = –1.418, p = 0.002). None of the physical fitness components, measured at baseline, were significantly associated with change in motor competence over time.Conclusion and ImplicationsThis longitudinal study reveals that weight status significantly influences children’s motor competence trajectories whilst physical fitness demonstrated no significant influence on motor competence trajectories. Future studies should further explore children’s differential trajectories over time and potential factors influencing that change.

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“…Given the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and the reduction of habitual physical activity early in age (World Health Organization, 2000), the investigation of prepubertal children in respect of physical fitness and anthropometry and body composition is especially important for effective intervention such as reduced energy intake, increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behavior (Martin et al, 2018). In fact, it has been found that children who were fit and active at 10 years of age have had better physical fitness at 6 years of age vs. peers who were less fit and sedentary (De Souza et al, 2014). Also, the level of physical fitness has been positively associated with cognitive function and academic achievement in children (Donnelly et al, 2016) as well as higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, and skeletal problem later in life (Ruiz et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition as determinants of physical fitness in nonobese children aged 6–12

Milanese¹,

Sandri²,

Cavedon³

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Purpose The determinants of physical fitness in children have been given limited attention. In particular, the relative role of chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in physical fitness of children has been barely investigated. This cross-sectional study investigated determinants of physical fitness using a set of predictive variables including, in addition to chronological age and sex, a large panel of anthropometric measurements as well as body composition. The study was carried out in a convenience sample of children aged 6–12 participating in a summer camp. Methods One-hundred-ninety-three children (128 males) fulfilled all requirements and entered analysis. Health-related physical fitness components (speed, muscular power and balance) were explored by means of field tests, namely the 30-m dash test for running speed, the standing long jump and the seated chest pass test for lower limbs and upper body muscular power, respectively, and the flamingo balance test for static balance. Determinants of physical fitness were investigated by regression analysis using chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in a hierarchical approach. To minimize the expected effect of collinearity in predictor variables, an original statistical approach using Random Forests analysis was adopted. Results Age predicted 45.2%, 43.6%, 35.6% and 25.6%; and sex 9.5%, 10.7%, 6.3% and 2.0% of variance in the 30-m dash, seated chest pass, standing long jump, and flamingo balance test, respectively. Anthropometry and body composition explained a limited or no percentage of variance. The adjusted R2 (root mean square error) was 0.61 (0.31 s), 0.45 (0.32 m), 0.58 (0.15 m) and 0.41 (0.75 logs) for the 30-m dash, seated chest pass, standing long jump, and flamingo balance test, respectively making these models useful when physical fitness tests are not feasible. Conclusions We highlighted the respective role of chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in physical fitness of children in the wide age range 6–12 years. Data confirm and expand on previous literature by showing with a strictly conservative statistical approach that chronological age is a main determinant of physical fitness of both boys and girls, sex playing a limited role. The role of anthropometry was even less important, and no role was found for body composition. These findings should be considered when planning/implementing motor development or physical education programs.

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Motor Coordination, Activity, and Fitness at 6 Years of Age Relative to Activity and Fitness at 10 Years of Age

Abstract: Results highlight the need to consider not only PA, but also PF and GMC in health promotion through the primary school years.

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Modeling children's development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach

Modeling children's development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach

Developmental Change in Motor Competence: A Latent Growth Curve Analysis

The role of age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition as determinants of physical fitness in nonobese children aged 6–12

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