“…Such an approach has been used by many other subsequent studies employing PAS (e.g., Cirillo, Lavender, Ridding, & Semmler, 2009;Di Lazzaro et al, 2009;Fratello et al, 2006;Player, Taylor, Alonzo, & Loo, 2012). Critically, however, in all variants of PAS, the pairing of the peripheral and cortical stimulation occurs in a regular and entirely predictable manner, which would appear to make it non-optimal for inducing learning-related changes.…”