Motor Function in MPTP-Treated Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

Ma, Kaili; Gao, Jian; Huang, Zhangqiong; Zhang, Ying; Kuang, Dexuan; Jiang, Qin; Han, Yuanyuan; Li, Cong; Wang, Wenguang; Huang, Xiaoyan; Xu, Juan; Tong, Pinfen; Yin, Xing-Xiao; Dai, Jiejie

doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1099-8

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Rodent models are seldom used for chronic stress paradigms of human disease, whereas tree shrews are (43)(44)(45). Furthermore, tree shrews are finding a place in many models of human brain pathogenesis from mapping of neuropeptide distribution (46), models for opiate addiction (47) to drug target mining (48) and specific diseases such as Parkinson's disease (49). HSV infection was first reported in the tree shrew in 1978 by Darai et al, who studied the pathogenesis following intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous infection (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System

Wang

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are small mammals indigenous to southwest Asia. At behavioral, anatomical, genomic, and evolutionary levels, tree shrews are much closer to primates than rodents are, and tree shrews are susceptible to HSV infection. Thus, we have studied herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in the tree shrew trigeminal ganglion (TG) following ocular inoculation. In situ hybridization, PCR, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses confirm that HSV-1 latently infects neurons of the TG. When explant cocultivation of trigeminal ganglia was performed, the virus was recovered after 5 days of cocultivation with high efficiency. Swabbing the corneas of latently infected tree shrews revealed that tree shrews shed virus spontaneously at low frequencies. However, tree shrews differ significantly from mice in the expression of key HSV-1 genes, including ICP0, ICP4, and latency-associated transcript (LAT). In acutely infected tree shrew TGs, no level of ICP4 was observed, suggesting the absence of infection or a very weak, acute infection compared to that of the mouse. Immunofluorescence staining with ICP4 monoclonal antibody, and immunohistochemistry detection by HSV-1 polyclonal antibodies, showed a lack of viral proteins in tree shrew TGs during both acute and latent phases of infection. Cultivation of supernatant from homogenized, acutely infected TGs with RS1 cells also exhibited an absence of infectious HSV-1 from tree shrew TGs. We conclude that the tree shrew has an undetectable, or a much weaker, acute infection in the TGs. Interestingly, compared to mice, tree shrew TGs express high levels of ICP0 transcript in addition to LAT during latency. However, the ICP0 transcript remained nuclear, and no ICP0 protein could be seen during the course of mouse and tree shrew TG infections. Taken together, these observations suggest that the tree shrew TG infection differs significantly from the existing rodent models. IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish lifelong infection in more than 80% of the human population, and their reactivation leads to oral and genital herpes. Currently, rodent models are the preferred models for latency studies. Rodents are distant from primates and may not fully represent human latency. The tree shrew is a small mammal, a prosimian primate, indigenous to southwest Asia. In an attempt to further develop the tree shrew as a useful model to study herpesvirus infection, we studied the establishment of latency and reactivation of HSV-1 in tree shrews following ocular inoculation. We found that the latent virus, which resides in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, could be stress reactivated to produce infectious virus, following explant cocultivation and that spontaneous reactivation could be detected by cell culture of tears. Interestingly, the tree shrew model is quite different from...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System

Wang

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…A number of studies have shown that the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ) has a much closer phylogenetic affinity to primates than rodents do (Chen et al, ; Fan et al, ; Ma et al, ). Compared with rodents, the tree shrew has a more developed brain at both the neuroanatomical and the neurophysiological levels, higher homology of neuropeptidomics, similar drug target protein sequences and a higher resemblance to humans in terms of the expression profiles of genes associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders (Chen et al, ; Fan et al, ; Ma et al, ). However, the tree shrew has yet to be adopted as a preclinical animal model for studying METH‐induced behavioral sensitization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of dopamine D3 receptor and dopamine transporter in methamphetamine‐induced behavioral sensitization in tree shrews

Huang

Yang

et al. 2020

Brain and Behavior

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Introduction This study aims to establish a methamphetamine (METH)‐induced behavioral sensitization model using tree shrews, as well as to measure the protein expression of the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) and dopamine transporter (DAT). Methods Forty tree shrews were equally and randomly divided into four experimental groups: those administered with 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg METH and a control group (treated with an equal amount of normal saline). Each experimental group was repeatedly exposed to METH for nine consecutive days to induce the development of behavioral sensitization, followed by four days of withdrawal (without the METH treatment) to induce the transfer of behavioral sensitization, then given 0.5 mg/kg of METH to undergo the expression of behavioral sensitization. Altered locomotor and stereotypic behaviors were measured daily via open‐field experiments during the development and expression stages, and weight changes were also recorded. Then, the Western blot method was used to detect the expression levels of D3R and DAT in three brain regions: the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum 24 hr after the last behavioral test. Results METH administration augmented motor‐stimulant responses and stereotypic behaviors in all experimental groups, and stereotypic behaviors intensified more in the groups treated with 2 and 4 mg/kg METH. Motion distance, speed, and trajectory were significantly elevated in all experimental, however, METH at 4 mg/kg induced more stereotypic behaviors, decreasing these locomotor activities as compared with the 2 mg/kg METH group. 2 and 4 mg/kg METH significantly upregulated and downregulated D3R and DAT expression levels, respectively, in three brain regions, and these changes are more pronounced in 2 mg/kg METH. Conclusions These results indicated that this animal model may be used to study the neurobiological mechanisms that underly the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to METH. Deregulated D3R and DAT expression may be involved in the METH‐induced behavioral sensitization.

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“…The tree shrew striatum exhibits striking similarities compared to that of primates (Ni et al, ; Rice, Roberts, Melendez‐Ferro, & Perez‐Costas, ). The tree shrew might, therefore, serve as an alternative model for studies of human striatal pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) (Ma et al, ). The tree shrew has been successfully used to study the structure and function of the brain (Casagrande, Harting, Hall, Diamond, & Martin, ; Day‐Brown et al, ; Familtsev et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tree shrew has been successfully used to study the structure and function of the brain (Casagrande, Harting, Hall, Diamond, & Martin, ; Day‐Brown et al, ; Familtsev et al, ). Moreover, there are many antisera (such as those for neuropeptide Y (Ni et al, ), corticotropin‐releasing factor (Kozicz, Bordewin, Czeh, Fuchs, & Roubos, ), parvalbumin (Ni et al, )), pharmacological reagents (e.g., 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (Ma et al, ), amyloid‐beta peptide 1–40 (Lin et al, )), and disease models (such as those for depression (Pryce & Fuchs, ), hepatitis‐B‐virus infection (Yang et al, ), and glioblastoma (Tong et al, )) available for biomedical studies in the tree shrew.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of tyrosine‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of tree shrews

Huang

Luo

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is the closest living relative of primates. Yet, little is known about the anatomical distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive (ir) structures in the hypothalamus of the tree shrew. Here, we provide the first detailed description of the distribution of TH‐ir neurons in the hypothalamus of tree shrews via immunohistochemical techniques. TH‐ir neurons were widely distributed throughout the hypothalamus of tree shrew. The majority of hypothalamic TH‐ir neurons were found in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), as was also observed in the human hypothalamus. In contrast, rare TH‐ir neurons were localized in the PVN and SON of rats. Vasopressin (AVP) colocalized with TH‐ir neurons in the PVN and SON in a large number of neurons, but oxytocin and corticotropin‐releasing hormone did not colocalize with TH. In addition, colocalization of TH with AVP was also observed in the other hypothalamic regions. Moreover, TH‐ir neurons in the PVN and SON of tree shrews expressed other dopaminergic markers (aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase and vesicular monoamine transporter, Type 2), further supporting that TH‐ir neurons in the PVN and SON were catecholaminergic. These findings provide a detailed description of TH‐ir neurons in the hypothalamus of tree shrews and demonstrate species differences in the distribution of this enzyme, providing a neurobiological basis for the participation of TH‐ir neurons in the regulation of various hypothalamic functions.

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Motor Function in MPTP-Treated Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System

Involvement of dopamine D3 receptor and dopamine transporter in methamphetamine‐induced behavioral sensitization in tree shrews

Distribution of tyrosine‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of tree shrews

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