1998
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1868
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Motor Patterns for Human Gait: Backward Versus Forward Locomotion

Abstract: Seven healthy subjects walked forward (FW) and backward (BW) at different freely chosen speeds, while their motion, ground reaction forces, and electromyographic (EMG) activity from lower limb muscles were recorded. We considered the time course of the elevation angles of the thigh, shank, and foot segments in the sagittal plane, the anatomic angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, the vertical and longitudinal ground reaction forces, and the rectified EMGs. The elevation angles were the most reproducible v… Show more

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Cited by 303 publications
(286 citation statements)
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“…At these conditions with differing ankle treatments, limb segment position remained unchanged while the ankle moment generated by the walker changed. These data support the theory put forward by several researchers [20][21][22] that individuals control segment position and not joint moments when walking. Gait kinematics changed significantly only when the angle of the foot at contact with the ground was changed, resulting in foot contact occurring on the forefoot instead of the heel.…”
Section: Stability Of Walking Patterns In Normal Subjectssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…At these conditions with differing ankle treatments, limb segment position remained unchanged while the ankle moment generated by the walker changed. These data support the theory put forward by several researchers [20][21][22] that individuals control segment position and not joint moments when walking. Gait kinematics changed significantly only when the angle of the foot at contact with the ground was changed, resulting in foot contact occurring on the forefoot instead of the heel.…”
Section: Stability Of Walking Patterns In Normal Subjectssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…The temporal waveform of the elevation angles of the lower limb segments (pelvis, thigh, shank, and foot) relative to the vertical is much more stereotypical across trials, speeds, and subjects than the corresponding waveform of either the joint angles (Borghese et al 1996;Grasso et al 1998) or the EMG patterns (Grasso et al 1998(Grasso et al , 2000. Moreover, the temporal changes of these elevation angles do not evolve independently of each other, but they are tightly coupled together (Borghese et al 1996).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In adults, a series of experimental studies have provided detailed evidence for coordinative laws that lead to a reduction of kinematic degrees of freedom (Bianchi et al 1998a, b;Borghese et al 1996;Grasso et al 1998Grasso et al , 1999Grasso et al , 2000; for a review, see Lacquaniti et al 1999). The temporal waveform of the elevation angles of the lower limb segments (pelvis, thigh, shank, and foot) relative to the vertical is much more stereotypical across trials, speeds, and subjects than the corresponding waveform of either the joint angles (Borghese et al 1996;Grasso et al 1998) or the EMG patterns (Grasso et al 1998(Grasso et al , 2000.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A common finding among studies of the neural control of movement is "dimensional collapse," whereby the behavior of neuromechanical systems that are in theory highly redundant (Bernstein 1967) and computationally formidable to control can be described with only a few degrees of freedom (Flash and Hochner 2005;Grasso et al 1998;Sanger 2000;Zatsiorsky et al 2003). However, despite this apparent motor abundance, recent studies of muscle coordination have demonstrated that the superposition of a few muscle activation patterns, defined as muscle synergies, is sufficient to describe muscular activity during many natural behaviors in humans and animals (Cheung et al 2005;Krishnamoorthy et al 2003;Poppele and Bosco 2003;Ting and Macpherson 2005;Tresch et al 1999).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%