Motor Patterns in Walking

Lacquaniti, Francesco; Grasso, R.; Zago, Myrka

doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168

Cited by 150 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…At these conditions with differing ankle treatments, limb segment position remained unchanged while the ankle moment generated by the walker changed. These data support the theory put forward by several researchers [20][21][22] that individuals control segment position and not joint moments when walking. Gait kinematics changed significantly only when the angle of the foot at contact with the ground was changed, resulting in foot contact occurring on the forefoot instead of the heel.…”

Section: Stability Of Walking Patterns In Normal Subjectssupporting

confidence: 90%

Center of mass motion and the effects of ankle bracing on metabolic cost during submaximal walking trials

et al. 2006

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The goal of this research was to examine the relationship between center of mass (CoM) motion and metabolic cost and to assess secondarily the effects of equinus gait on metabolic cost during walking trials at various velocities. Twelve (n ¼ 12) healthy male adults walked in four brace conditions, including fixed equinus, at three different walking speeds. Metabolic measures and 3D kinematic data were collected during each trial. Significant main effects for velocity were observed on both dependent measures, net O 2 cost ( p < 0.001), and CoM vertical excursion (CoMz) ( p < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between net O 2 cost and CoMz that were strongest at fast velocities. Further, analysis revealed the cost of walking at a comfortable speed in the equine position was 28% greater than walking in braces without springs or springs in neutral position and 64% greater than walking in shoes alone. CoMz does correlate with metabolic cost as measured by net O 2 cost. Also, normal subjects walking in equinus have an increased net O 2 cost and increased CoMz when compared to walking with shoes alone or the other brace conditions at all velocities. ß

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Section: Stability Of Walking Patterns In Normal Subjectssupporting

confidence: 90%

Center of mass motion and the effects of ankle bracing on metabolic cost during submaximal walking trials

et al. 2006

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“…A mature pattern of coordination is characterized by a quasi-elliptic loop lying close to a plane (Bianchi et al 1998b;Borghese et al 1996;Lacquaniti et al 1999). The pattern of a 12-year-old child is plotted in Fig.…”

Section: Emergence Of the Planar Covariationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been hypothesized that a stable and mature covariation plane can be achieved by tuning muscle activity patterns that appropriately modify the passive biomechanical coupling among limb segments (Bianchi et al 1998b;Bosco et al 1996;Lacquaniti and Maioli 1994;Lacquaniti et al 1999). The control of posture and walking involves the precise regulation of the covariation of limb segments in such a way as to result in the desired position of the foot relative to the vertical.…”

Section: Neural Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In adults, a series of experimental studies have provided detailed evidence for coordinative laws that lead to a reduction of kinematic degrees of freedom (Bianchi et al 1998a, b;Borghese et al 1996;Grasso et al 1998Grasso et al , 1999Grasso et al , 2000; for a review, see Lacquaniti et al 1999). The temporal waveform of the elevation angles of the lower limb segments (pelvis, thigh, shank, and foot) relative to the vertical is much more stereotypical across trials, speeds, and subjects than the corresponding waveform of either the joint angles (Borghese et al 1996;Grasso et al 1998) or the EMG patterns (Grasso et al 1998(Grasso et al , 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a kinematic coordination pattern in toddler locomotion: planar covariation

Chéron

Bouillot

Dan

et al. 2001

Experimental Brain Research

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the coordination patterns of the elevation angles of lower limb segments following the onset of unsupported walking in children and to look for the existence of a planar covariation rule as previously described in adult human locomotion. The kinematic patterns of locomotion were recorded in 21 children (11-144 months of age) and 19 adults. In 4 children we monitored the very first unsupported steps. The extent to which the covariation of thigh, shank, and foot angles was constrained on a plane in 3D space was assessed by means of orthogonal regression and statistically quantified by means of principal component analysis. The orientation of the covariation plane of the children was compared with the mean value of the adults' plane. Trunk stability with respect to the vertical was assessed in both the frontal (roll) and sagittal (pitch) planes. The evolution with walking experience of the plane orientation and trunk oscillations demonstrated biexponential profiles with a relatively fast time constant (<6 months after the onset of unsupported locomotion) followed by a much slower progression toward adult values. The initial fast changes of these walking parameters did not parallel the slow, monotonic maturation of anthropometric parameters. The early emergence of the covariation plane orientation and its correlation with trunk vertical stability reflect the dynamic integration of postural equilibrium and forward propulsion in a gravity-centered frame. The results support the view that the planar covariation reflects a coordinated, centrally controlled behavior, in addition to biomechanical constraints. The refinement of the planar covariation while morphological variables drastically change as the child grows implies a continuous update of the neural command.

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“…As mentioned above, the analysis of EMG patterns in animal motions clarified that common EMG patterns are embedded in the EMG patterns of different motions, despite generating such motions using complicated and redundant musculoskeletal systems (d 'Avella & Bizzi, 2005;Patla et al, 1985;Ivanenko et al, 2004Ivanenko et al, , 2006, suggesting an important coordination mechanism. In addition, kinematical studies revealed that covariation of the elevation angles of thigh, shank, and foot during walking displayed in three-dimensional space is approximately expressed on a plane (Lacquaniti et al, 1999), suggesting an important kinematical restriction for establishing cooperative motions. In designing a control system, adequate restrictions must be designed to achieve cooperative motions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait Transition from Quadrupedal to Bipedal Locomotion of an Oscillator-driven Biped Robot

Aoi¹,

Tsuchiya²

2007

Humanoid Robots: New Developments

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Motor Patterns in Walking

Cited by 150 publications

References 10 publications

Center of mass motion and the effects of ankle bracing on metabolic cost during submaximal walking trials

Center of mass motion and the effects of ankle bracing on metabolic cost during submaximal walking trials

Development of a kinematic coordination pattern in toddler locomotion: planar covariation

Gait Transition from Quadrupedal to Bipedal Locomotion of an Oscillator-driven Biped Robot

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