Motor representations underlie the reading of unfamiliar letter combinations

Taitz, Alan; Assaneo, M. Florencia; Shalóm, Diego; Trevisan, Marcos

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59199-6

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“… 108 A recent eye-tracking study found a correlation between ocular dynamics in silent reading of infrequent letter strings and articulatory dynamics in reading aloud the same letter strings, suggesting the involvement of motor representations in the silent reading of unfamiliar letter strings. 109 Future research should examine the relationship between impaired motor-phonological processing and performance on reading tasks that do not require overt speech production. It is also notable that we contrasted performance reading pronounceable pseudowords versus regular words.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two types of phonological reading impairment in stroke aphasia

Dickens

DeMarco

Stelt

et al. 2021

Brain Communications

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Alexia is common in the context of aphasia. It is widely agreed that damage to phonological and semantic systems not specific to reading causes co-morbid alexia and aphasia. Studies of alexia to date have only examined phonology and semantics as singular processes or axes of impairment, typically in the context of stereotyped alexia syndromes. However, phonology in particular is known to rely on subprocesses, including sensory-phonological processing, motor-phonological processing, and sensory-motor integration. Moreover, many people with stroke aphasia demonstrate mild or mixed patterns of reading impairment that do not fit neatly with one syndrome. This cross-sectional study tested whether the hallmark symptom of phonological reading impairment, the lexicality effect, emerges from damage to a specific subprocess of phonology in stroke patients not selected for alexia syndromes. Participants were 30 subjects with left-hemispheric stroke and 37 age- and education-matched controls. A logistic mixed effects model tested whether post-stroke impairments in sensory phonology, motor phonology, or sensory-motor integration modulated the effect of item lexicality on patient accuracy in reading aloud. Support vector regression voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping localized brain regions necessary for reading and for non-orthographic phonological processing. Additionally, a novel support vector regression structural connectome-symptom mapping method identified the contribution of both lesioned and spared, but disconnected, brain regions to reading accuracy and non-orthographic phonological processing. Specifically, we derived whole-brain structural connectomes using constrained spherical deconvolution-based probabilistic tractography and identified lesioned connections based on comparisons between patients and controls. Logistic mixed effects regression revealed that only greater motor-phonological impairment related to lower accuracy reading aloud pseudowords versus words. Impaired sensory-motor integration related to lower overall accuracy in reading aloud. No relationship was identified between sensory-phonological impairment and reading accuracy. Voxel-based and structural connectome lesion-symptom mapping revealed that lesioned and disconnected left ventral precentral gyrus related to both greater motor-phonological impairment and lower sublexical reading accuracy. In contrast, lesioned and disconnected left temporoparietal cortex related to both impaired sensory-motor integration and reduced overall reading accuracy. These results clarify that at least two dissociable phonological processes contribute to the pattern of reading impairment in aphasia. First, impaired sensory-motor integration, caused by lesions disrupting left temporoparietal cortex and structural connections, non-selectively reduces accuracy in reading aloud. Second, impaired motor-phonological processing, caused at least partially by lesions disrupting left ventral premotor cortex and structural connections, selectively reduces sublexical reading accuracy. These results motivate a revised cognitive model of reading aloud that incorporates a sensory-motor phonological circuit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lesion size is in mm 3 . WAB AQ represents the Aphasia Quotient from the ‘Western Aphasia Battery—Revised’, 109 which measures aphasia severity: 0–25 = very severe, 26–50 = severe, 51–75 = moderate, 76+ = mild.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two types of phonological reading impairment in stroke aphasia

Dickens

DeMarco

Stelt

et al. 2021

Brain Communications

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“…We evaluated both the left and right TMJs in 57 patients (36 women and 21 men) using computed tomography (CT) (Aquilion 64™, Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi, Japan) before and after IVRO. This study utilized cases and methods that we have previously published 9 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After IVRO, the medial pterygoid muscle was almost detached from the proximal segment in all cases. The distal fragment of the mandible was placed in the planned postsurgical position and stabilized using rigid MMF and a splint in the maxillary dental arch 9 . Rigid interosseous fixation was not performed in any of the patients.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the principal disadvantage of the IVRO is the need for maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) 5 . Second, depending on the magnitude of setback, posterior drift may occur after IVRO, which adversely affects the corrective treatment 9 . The most pertinent issue for the surgeon is the difficulty in predicting the magnitude of condylar sag that may occur after IVRO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predisposing conditions for condylar sag after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy

Rokutanda

Yamada

Yanamoto

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) is used to treat mandibular prognathism and temporomandibular disorders. However, the improvement of temporomandibular disorders after IVRO is considered to be due to the anterior and downward movement of the mandibular condyle, which may lead to condylar sag, and in the worst case, condylar luxation. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined factors potentially associated with condylar sag. Univariate analysis indicated that condylar sag was significantly associated with the following factors: magnitude of setback (P = 0.001), less than 3 mm setback (P < 0.001), presence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms (P = 0.002), Wilkes classification (P = 0.039), occlusal cant correction ≥ 2 mm (P = 0.018), and mandibular condyle deformation (P < 0.001). Setback magnitude (P = 0.032) and TMJ symptoms (P = 0.007) remained significant in the multivariate analysis. In the receiver operating characteristic curve, the setback magnitude cut-off value for condylar sag after IVRO was 3.25 mm. Thus, the incidence of condylar sag after IVRO is increased with a smaller setback magnitude (≤ 3.25 mm) and the presence of TMJ symptoms. These factors should be evaluated by surgeons during treatment planning for IVRO to estimate condylar sag, and it may be possible to predict the risk of condylar luxation.

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