Motor skills in children affected by strabismus

Vagge, Aldo; Pellegrini, Marco; Iester, Michele; Musolino, Maria; Giannaccare, Giuseppe; Ansaldo, Roberta; Traverso, Carlo Enrico

doi:10.1038/s41433-020-0894-0

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…On the basis of this classification, we found that all case-control studies (Engel-Yeger 2008;Webber et al 2008;Suttle et al 2011;Niechwiej-Szwedo et al 2017;Kelly et al 2020) were of moderate-high quality and that the single controlled intervention study (Webber et al 2016) was of moderate quality. Regarding the cohort and crosssectional studies, we found seven studies (Wilson & Welch 2013;Alramis et al 2016;Fang et al 2017;Zipori et al 2018;Birch et al 2020;S a et al 2021;Vagge et al 2021) with high quality, and the remaining 10 (Atkinson et al 2005;O'Connor et al 2010;Thompson et al 2017;Birch et al 2019aBirch et al , 2019bHemptinne et al 2020;Niechwiej-Szwedo et al 2020a, 2020bPinero-Pinto et al 2020) (Atkinson et al 2005;Wilson & Welch 2013;Thompson et al 2017;Hemptinne et al 2020;Niechwiej-Szwedo et al 2020a, 2020b from level 3 and five articles (Engel-Yeger 2008;Webber et al 2008;Suttle et al 2011;Niechwiej-Szwedo et al 2017;Kelly et al 2020) from level 4.…”

Section: Quality Of Articles Levels Of Evidence and Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Visual system and motor development in children: a systematic review

Sánchez-González

Palomo-Carrión

De-Hita-Cantalejo

et al. 2022

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose The aim of this study was to review the available scientific literature on the possible relationship between the visual system and motor development in children. Methods This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement recommendations. The review protocol is available in PROSPERO (CRD42021245341). Four different databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science, were assessed from April 2005 to February 2021. To determine the quality of the articles, we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Quality Appraisal Scale, and a protocol was followed to define the levels of evidence on the basis of the Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The search strategy included terms describing motor development in children and adolescents with visual disorders. Results Among the identified studies, 23 were included in the study. All selected articles examined the relationship between the visual system and development in children. The quality of most of the studies was moderate–high, and they were between evidence levels 2 and 4. Conclusions Our systematic review revealed that all included studies established a relationship between the visual system and development in children. However, the methods for measuring the visual system and motor skills lacked uniformity.

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Section: Quality Of Articles Levels Of Evidence and Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Visual system and motor development in children: a systematic review

Sánchez-González

Palomo-Carrión

De-Hita-Cantalejo

et al. 2022

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…A larger sample may allow for further separation of the etiologies, and more information about the no-amblyopia BVD group. For example, patients with strabismus and nil stereopsis had poorer visuo-motor coordination scores on the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (Vagge et al, 2021). Ibrahimi et al (2021) found that patients with exotropic strabismus and nil stereopsis performed worse on the Visual-Motor Integration Test of Beery (6th edition) than those with exotropia and measurable stereopsis, but this effect was not seen in patients with esotropia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amblyopia is associated with impaired balance in 3–6-year-old children in China

Brin

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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PurposeSchool-age children in China have more advanced motor development than their North American counterparts. This is likely due to cultural differences in children’s regular motor activities. It is unknown whether the motor function impairments associated with binocular visual disorders (BVDs) such as amblyopia in children raised in North America exist for children raised in China.DesignProspective case-control study.MethodsA major tertiary eye hospital in China tested children aged 3 to <7 (n = 63) belonging to three groups: anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia (n = 22), anisometropia or strabismus without amblyopia (n = 20), or controls (n = 21). The main outcome measure was motor function scores (Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition).ResultsBalance scores varied significantly across groups (F2,61 = 4.2, p = 0.02) with the amblyopia group (mean ± SD: 12.5 ± 3.0) exhibiting significantly poorer scores than controls (14.8 ± 2.3). The no-amblyopia BVD group (12.8 ± 3.1) did not differ significantly from the other groups. Manual dexterity, catching and throwing and total scores did not vary significantly across the three groups. A separate pre-planned comparison of only the amblyopia and control groups revealed significantly poorer total motor scores in the amblyopia group (10.1 ± 3.2) vs. controls (12 ± 2.4). A linear regression model was unable to significantly predict associations between total motor score and binocular function score (standardized β = −0.09, 95%, p = 0.7), amblyopia etiology (standardized β = 0.14, 95%, p = 0.4), or inter-ocular acuity difference (standardized β = −0.18, 95%, p = 0.4), in the amblyopia group.ConclusionAmblyopia is associated with motor function impairment in children raised in China. Motor deficits that may impact everyday activities have been observed in patients with amblyopia across multiple cultures.

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“…For preschool-aged children, the prevalence of strabismus ranges from 1.5% to 3.8% [ 3 – 5 ]. Preschool children with strabismus have abnormal stereopsis [ 6 ] and are at greater risk of amblyopia [ 7 ], which is associated with abnormal binocular vision [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, each of those conditions potentially affects the development of motor competency. The motor competency of children with strabismus has been examined in various age groups including infants [ 9 – 11 ], school-aged children (7–15 years old) [ 6 , 12 – 14 ], and adolescents (>15 years old) [ 15 , 16 ] ( Table 1 ). Despite development of motor competency at preschool age being critical for the overall development of individuals, information regarding the motor competency of preschool children with strabismus is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motor competency is multidimensional, ranging from simple to combined to complex, which are all inter-related, and may be further divided into gross motor competency and fine motor competency in standardized assessments [ 17 , 18 ]. However, previous studies on children with strabismus tend to focus more on a single aspect, either gross motor competency [ 10 , 11 , 13 , 16 ], or fine motor competency [ 6 , 12 , 15 ], rather than complete motor competency [ 14 , 19 ] ( Table 1 ). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the complete motor competency of preschool children with strabismus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sufficiency of the BOT-2 short form to screen motor competency in preschool children with strabismus

Yeh

Yu²,

Yang³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Strabismus is one of the most common visual disorders in children, with a reported prevalence of 2.48% in preschoolers. Additionally, up to 89.9% of preschool children with strabismus do not have normal stereopsis. Whether this lack of normal stereopsis affects the motor competency of preschool children with strabismus is unknown. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition short form (BOT-2 SF) can be a useful tool for screening; however, its sufficiency as a diagnostic tool for children with various disorders is controversial. Objective The aims of this study were thus to examine motor competency in preschool children with strabismus by using the BOT-2 and to evaluate the usefulness of the BOT-2 SF to identify those at risk for motor competency issues. Methods Forty preschool children (aged 5–7 years) with strabismus were recruited, all of whom had abnormal stereopsis. The BOT-2 complete form (CF) was administered to all children. The BOT-2 CF was administered to all children. The scores of the BOT-2 SF were extracted from the relevant items of the BOT-2 CF for further analysis. Results The prevalence of children with strabismus who had below average performance in the composites of “Fine Manual Control”, “Manual Coordination”,”Body Coordination”, and “Strength and Agility” were 15%, 70%, 32.5%, and 5%, respectively, on the BOT-2 CF. Compared with these results, the sensitivity of the BOT-2 SF was 33.33% (95% CI = 7.49%–70.07%) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI = 88.78%–100%). Conclusion Preschool children with strabismus had a high prevalence of impaired motor competency, especially in fine motor competency. The BOT-2 SF was not as sensitive in identifying motor difficulties in preschool children with strabismus. Therefore, the BOT-2 CF is recommended for evaluating motor proficiency in preschool children with strabismus.

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Motor skills in children affected by strabismus

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Visual system and motor development in children: a systematic review

Visual system and motor development in children: a systematic review

Amblyopia is associated with impaired balance in 3–6-year-old children in China

Sufficiency of the BOT-2 short form to screen motor competency in preschool children with strabismus

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