Mouse Protection Tests in the Study of Pertussis Vaccine

Kendrick, Pearl L.; Eldering, Grace; Dixon, M. K.; Misner, J.

doi:10.2105/ajph.37.7.803-b

Cited by 199 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The lack of differentiation by the intracerebral route of strains considered virulent and avirulent by other criteria, is in contrast with the findings with H. pertussis reported by Kendrick et al (4,5). The explanation of this difference in the activities of the two species possibly may be accounted for by the toxicity of recently isolated, actively growing strains of H. pertussis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…A third method, which was reported by Norton and Dingle (3) to show promise, is based on the intracerebral injection of the organisms without the aid of an adjuvant. This latter method has been used successfully in determining the virulence of strains of Hemophilus pertussis by Kendrick and her coworkers (4,5) and as an experimental infective technique with Shigella dysenteriae by Dubos et al (6). 219…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Differences in Virulence of Strains of Salmonella Typhosa

Batson¹,

Landy²,

Brown³

1950

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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In experimental immunology, it frequently is of interest to obtain quantitative estimates of the virulence of strains of microorganisms as evidenced by their ability to produce fatal infections in experimental animals. It is recognized that, in the broader sense, virulence is not a specific intrinsic attribute of an organism but is the result of a combination of a number of factors pertaining to the organism, the affected host, and the conditions (known or unknown) under which the pathological state is established. Nonetheless, when suitable laboratory animals are employed, and when the combination of experimental conditions is propitious, it can be demonstrated with some consistency that even closely related strains of organisms differ in their capability of producing experimental infections. For the purpose of this presentation, such differences in capability can be considered as differences in virulence of the organisms regardless of the true nature of the experimental infective process.Quantitative estimates of virulence have been employed by various workers in studying the relationship of this property to antigenic constitution, bacterial dissociation, and various epidemiological phenomena. Furthermore, it popularly is considered that the immunogenic activity of a strain of bacteria is directly related to its virulence. As a consequence, such tests are employed extensively as a control technique in routine production of bacterial vaccines and in searching for immunogenically superior strains.Mice have been widely accepted as the laboratory animals of choice for determining the virulence of strains of Salmonella typhosa and the testing procedures employed have been of two main types. The first, based on the intraperitoneal injection of graded doses of the organisms suspended in physiological saline, is utilized almost exclusively by British workers. The second, incorporating the use of hog gastric mucin as a suspending medium, has been employed by most American workers since the original reports of the technique by Nungester et al.(1) and of its application to typhoid by Rake (2). A third method, which was reported by Norton and Dingle (3) to show promise, is based on the intracerebral injection of the organisms without the aid of an adjuvant. This latter method has been used successfully in determining the virulence of strains of Hemophilus pertussis by Kendrick and her coworkers (4, 5) and as an experimental infective technique with Shigella dysenteriae by Dubos et al.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Differences in Virulence of Strains of Salmonella Typhosa

Batson¹,

Landy²,

Brown³

1950

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…The assay of pertussis vaccines using the intracerebral route for the challenge was developed in the U.S.A., particularly by Kendrick and Pittman (Kendrick, Eldering, Dixon & Misner, 1947;U.S., N.I.H., 1948, Minimum Requirements;Pittman, 1956).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intracerebral infection of mice with Bordetella pertussis

Dolby

Standfast

1961

J. Hyg.

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The growth of virulent strains of Bordetella pertussis in the brains of mice was studied by carrying out viable counts on mice killed at various times during the infection. The results suggested that this system conformed to the general model which postulates that the organisms causing death multiply in vivo at a rate which is constant for all doses and that death is certain to occur when the number of organisms reaches a certain constant figure.Perhaps the most important factor in this route of infection is the lodgement of the parasite in the host, for if this is accomplished a single organism grows until the lethal level is reached. There is no sublethal infection.In actively and passively protected mice, the growth of the organism is approximately the same as in unprotected controls for the first 4–5 days. At this time there is a striking change in protected animals and the viable count falls rapidly and progressively and the animals survive. At the same time the blood-brain barrier becomes permeable and circulating antibodies diffuse into the brain. In vitro, specific antisera plus complement are highly bactericidal.

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“…Small doses multiply profusely in the brain and cause death within a few days. Intracerebral challenge has been used successfully in immunization experiments with typhoid bacilli (Norton & Dingle, 1935), Bordetella pertussis (Kendrick et al 1947;Standfast, 1958), Pasteurella haemolytica (Smith, 1959) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Diena et al 1978 . Its polysaccharide capsule plays an important role in the experimental production of peritoneal abscesses in the rat Kasper & Onderdonk, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pathogenic properties ofFusobacteriumandBacteroidesspecies from wallabies and other sources

Smith

Oliphant

Parsons

1984

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYIntracerebral inoculation was more effective than intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation as a means of producing lethal infections withFusobacterium necrophorumin mice. Strains varied in virulence but, of five examined, two had LD50 values as low asca. 8000 and 14000 viable organisms. Profuse bacterial multiplication in the brain was demonstrated. Intravenous vaccination with a single large dose of heat-killed whole culture or washed bacterial cells failed to protect against intracerebral challenge.Intracerebral injection of other fusobacteria (F. nucleatum, F. variumandF. necrogenes) and of 22 strains belonging to 10Bacteroidesspp. was without apparent effect on mice, except for a slight transient illness in some animals givenB. fragilis. This organism (five strains) differed from the otherBacteroidesspp. tested, which included eight strains belonging to the fragilis group, in being eliminated more slowly from the mouse brain – a point that may be relevant to the special pathogenicity ofB. fragilisin endogenous infections in man. There was no evidence thatB. fragilismultiplied in the brain or that intravenous vaccination with a large dose of heat-killed homologous culture affected the rate at which it was eliminated.

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Mouse Protection Tests in the Study of Pertussis Vaccine

Cited by 199 publications

References 4 publications

Determination of Differences in Virulence of Strains of Salmonella Typhosa

Determination of Differences in Virulence of Strains of Salmonella Typhosa

The intracerebral infection of mice with Bordetella pertussis

The pathogenic properties ofFusobacteriumandBacteroidesspecies from wallabies and other sources

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