Movement of Drugs Across the Gills of Fishes

Hunn, Joseph B.; Allen, John L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000403

Cited by 155 publications

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“…Clove oil also contains eugenol acetate (> 17%) and kariofilen 5 (> 12%). In fish, anaesthetics are absorbed and excreted mainly through gills (Locke 1969;Hunn and Allen 1974;Houston and Woods 1976;Ferreira et al 1984). Eugenol and its compounds and metabolites are quickly removed from the blood bed and tissues of fish (Fisher et al 1990), and the presence of these substances in muscle tissues of fish or other animals is not considered toxic or mutagenous (L i u and Gibson 1977;Maura et al 1989;Fisher et al 1990;Philips 1990;Zheng et al 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Clove Oil Anaesthesia on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Velíšek¹,

Svobodová²,

Piačková³

2005

Acta Vet. Brno

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The aim of the study was to investigate acute toxicity of clove oil for rainbow trout and, using values of haematological and biochemical profiles of blood and histological tissue examinations, to assess the effects of the fish exposure to that anaesthetic. Acute toxicity values of clove oil for rainbow trout found were 10 min LC50 81.1 mg·l -1 ; 10 min LC0.1 63.9 mg·l -1 ; 10 min LC99.9 100.1 mg·l -1 ; 96 h LC50 14.1 mg·l -1 ; 96 h LC0.1 12.5 mg·l -1 , and 96 h LC99.9 16.2 mg·l -1 .Clove oil anaesthesia had no effect on the heamatological profile of blood. A significant increase in the concentration of glucose (GLU) and ammonia (NH 3 ), and a significant decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity following a 10 min anaesthesia were found. A significantly decreased AST activity was also found 24 h after anaesthesia. Clove oil anaesthesia had no effect on other biochemical indices.Histological examination of the fish following anaesthesia revealed sporadic ectasia in gill lamellae 24 h after anaesthesia in 20% of fish. No histopathological changes were demonstrated in other tissues (liver, spleen, cranial and caudal kidneys).Results of the examinations suggest that the use of clove oil at a concentration of 30 mg·l -1 does not cause irreversible damage in rainbow trout.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Clove Oil Anaesthesia on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Velíšek¹,

Svobodová²,

Piačková³

2005

Acta Vet. Brno

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“…However, higher EO concentration and longer time of the direct exposure caused higher cytotoxicity to the cells. Because some previous studies have been reported that the whole blood concentrations of MS-222 in Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) was about 74% of the bath administration concentration after losing of reflex (54) and 70% of MS-222 in bath administration concentration was found in blood concentration of Ictalurus punctatus (catfish) (55). Therefore, our results suggested that it should be careful when high dose of these EOs were used for fish anesthesia particularly for a long period of anesthetized time for example in case of fish operation or long distance transportation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic activity of plant essential oils on <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (koi carp)

Khumpirapang

Pikulkaew

Anuchapreeda

et al. 2018

DD&T

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“…MS-222 is an isomer of benzocaine with an additional sulfonate radical, making it more soluble, yet acidic, in solution (Carter et al 2011) and easily absorbable through the gills and skin of fish, where it then enters the bloodstream (Hunn and Allen 1974;Ferreira et al 1984). It is metabolized by acetylation reactions (Burka et al 1997), and then excreted by the kidney with urine within 24 hours after exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MS-222 immobilizes fish by depressing their central and peripheral nervous systems (Summerfelt and Smith 1990;Carter et al 2011). The obstruction of the nerve is facilitated by the high lipid solubility of MS-222, allowing for an easy shift across the cell membrane to bind with sodium channels (Hunn and Allen 1974). More specifically, nerve impulses are blocked by inhibiting voltage-sensitive Na + channels, thereby reducing the cumulative inward flux of Na + (Neumcke et al 1981;Butterworth and Strichartz 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determine the Influence of Time Held in ?Knockdown? Anesthesia on Survival and Stress of Surgically Implanted Juvenile Salmonids

Woodley¹,

Wagner²,

Knox³

2012

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SummaryThis report summarizes the responses of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to the anesthetic, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), during surgical implantation of acoustic transmitters (ATs) and passive integrated transponders (PITs). The Columbia Basin Surgical Protocol Steering Committee expressed concern that the recommendation of a 10-minute maximum exposure to MS-222 could be too long for a juvenile salmonid resulting in increased behavioral and physiological costs, and/or decreased survival. These undesirable results are further problematic because survival study assumptions require that fish are representative of fish in the river that have not been subjected to handling, holding, and surgical implantation. Thus, there is a need to determine the amount of time fish can be held in knockdown anesthetic without negatively influencing their survival and thus fish passage survival models. The study reported here examined the relationship between stress indicators for several blood analytes and biochemistries (sodium, calcium, potassium, blood pH, plasma cortisol), time under anesthesia, and number of days post-exposure to anesthesia in juvenile yearling Chinook salmon (YCH). Fish were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: anesthetic control (no anesthetic exposure, no surgical implantation)  surgical control (exposed to anesthesia and removed when reached Stage 4 anesthesia, no surgical implantation) one of seven treatments where fish remained in the anesthetic for 0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, or 15 minutes beyond the "knockdown" time (KD) when they reached Stage 4 anesthesia and were surgically implanted with an AT and PIT.Controls and KD treatment exposure groups were further assigned to one of four post-surgical implantation-monitoring days: 0, 1, 7, or 14 days after treatment. Day 0 fish were immediately sampled after the anesthetic treatment; while 1, 7, and 14 day fish were held until their respective day for sampling and termination. The purpose of the study was to address three questions:1. Did the MS-222 KD treatment exposure groups result in differential mortality for surgically implanted fish?2. Did the stress responses of juvenile Chinook salmon vary significantly as a result of KD on day 0 and when compared to the anesthetic control fish on day 0?3. Did the stress responses of juvenile Chinook salmon vary significantly as a result of the KD when examined on post-surgical implantation-monitoring days 1, 7, 14; and when compared to surgical control fish over the same time periods?Although we expected to see mortalities in the 12-and 15-minute extended KD treatment exposures, there were no mortalities in any of the controls or KD exposure times. This suggests that perhaps: 1) the duration of exposure (KD), at 80 mg/L, in anesthetic prior to surgical implantation does not directly affect fish survival over the time range tested; 2) the life stage of holdover juvenile YCH may be less susceptible to anesthetic stress and thus mortality than actively outmigrating ju...

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Movement of Drugs Across the Gills of Fishes

Cited by 155 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Clove Oil Anaesthesia on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effects of Clove Oil Anaesthesia on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Anesthetic activity of plant essential oils on <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (koi carp)

Determine the Influence of Time Held in ?Knockdown? Anesthesia on Survival and Stress of Surgically Implanted Juvenile Salmonids

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