Movement of small RNAs in and between plants and fungi

Wang, Mengying; Dean, Ralph A.

doi:10.1111/mpp.12911

Cited by 82 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Since the chitinous cell wall must continually expand as the hypha grows, it is thinner at the tip, enabling extracellular materials to easily reach the endocytic collar, which is considered to be the site where the majority of endocytosis occurs in filamentous fungi 44 . Once entering the cell, dsRNA can be transported short distances between fungal cells through septal pores 45 . It is also worth noting that Sclerotinia contains sequences highly similar to RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) found in Verticillium nonalfalfae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clathrin mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of exogenous double-stranded RNA in the white mold phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Wytinck

Sullivan

Biggar

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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RNA interference (RNAi) technologies have recently been developed to control a growing number of agronomically significant fungal phytopathogens, including the white mold pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Exposure of this fungus to exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in potent RNAi-mediated knockdown of target genes’ transcripts, but it is unclear how the dsRNA can enter the fungal cells. In nematodes, specialized dsRNA transport proteins such as SID-1 facilitate dsRNA uptake, but for many other eukaryotes in which the dsRNA uptake mechanisms have been examined, endocytosis appears to mediate the uptake process. In this study, using live cell imaging, transgenic fungal cultures and endocytic inhibitors, we determined that the uptake mechanism in S. sclerotiorum occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of several clathrin-mediated endocytic genes’ transcripts confirmed the involvement of this cellular uptake process in facilitating RNAi in this fungus. Understanding the mode of dsRNA entry into the fungus will prove useful in designing and optimizing future dsRNA-based control methods and in anticipating possible mechanisms by which phytopathogens may develop resistance to this novel category of fungicides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clathrin mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of exogenous double-stranded RNA in the white mold phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Wytinck

Sullivan

Biggar

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Symplastic movements of sRNAs require the passage through the plasmodesmata. The size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata is around 30 to 50 kDa which should not limit the passing of naked sRNAs, but it might affect the transport of sRNAs that are enclosed in vesicles and/or bound to RNA binding proteins ( Wang and Dean, 2020 ). During the development of plant organs, plasmodesmata can change their size and selectivity that may allow the passage of sRNAs ( Imlau et al., 1999 ).…”

Section: The Possible Fate Of Dsrnas Into the Plant Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inside the plant cell, dsRNAs are processed into siRNAs and follow several other steps before triggering the RNAi machinery ( Meister and Tuschl, 2004 ). The fate of dsRNAs in the plant may also involve other mechanisms including symplastic and apoplastic movements, local and systemic silencing, as well as, DNA methylation and histone modifications ( Dalakouras et al., 2020 ; Wang and Dean, 2020 ). However, the complete mechanisms by which the exogenously applied dsRNAs induce plant RNAi is still far from being clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exogenously applied dsRNAs on the plant are absorbed into plant tissues and cells ( Koch et al., 2016 ; Mitter et al., 2017 ; Dalakouras et al., 2018 ; Dubrovina and Kiselev, 2019 ), but it can be utilized to induce RNAi machinery in both plants and their invading pathogens (reviewed in Dubrovina and Kiselev, 2019 ; Wang and Dean, 2020 ). Therefore, the uptake of exogenously applied dsRNAs by plant cells is the most critical step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Exogenous dsRNAs-induced RNAi in Agriculture: Challenges and Triumphs

2020

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In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) machinery has widely been explored by plant biologists for its potential applications in disease management, plant development, and germplasm improvement. RNAi-based technologies have mainly been applied in the form of transgenic plant generation and host-induced-gene-silencing (HIGS). However, the approval of RNAi-based transgenic plants has always been challenging due to the proclaimed concerns surrounding their impacts on human health and the environment. Lately, exogenous applications of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs) has emerged as another technology that could be regarded as more eco-friendly, sustainable, and publicly acceptable than genetic transformation. Inside the plant cell, dsRNAs can undergo several steps of processing, which not only triggers RNAi machinery but may also involve transitive and systemic silencing, as well as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, along with the considerations of proper exogenous applications of dsRNAs, defining their final destination into plant cells is highly relevant. In this review, we highlighted the significance of several factors that affect dsRNA-induced gene silencing, the fate of exogenous dsRNAs in the plant cell, and the challenges surrounding production technologies, cost-effectiveness, and dsRNAs stability under open-field conditions. This review also provided insights into the potential applications of exogenous dsRNAs in plant protection and crop improvement.

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“…Once inside the fungal cells the siRNA silences the target effector genes by interfering with the target mRNA transcripts (Koch et al ., 2018). The movement of small RNA between host and pathogen is detailed by Wang and Dean (2020).…”

Section: Functional Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteinaceous effector discovery and characterization in filamentous plant pathogens

Kanja

Hammond‐Kosack

2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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The complicated interplay of plant–pathogen interactions occurs on multiple levels as pathogens evolve to constantly evade the immune responses of their hosts. Many economically important crops fall victim to filamentous pathogens that produce small proteins called effectors to manipulate the host and aid infection/colonization. Understanding the effector repertoires of pathogens is facilitating an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence as well as guiding the development of disease control strategies. The purpose of this review is to give a chronological perspective on the evolution of the methodologies used in effector discovery from physical isolation and in silico predictions, to functional characterization of the effectors of filamentous plant pathogens and identification of their host targets.

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Movement of small RNAs in and between plants and fungi

Cited by 82 publications

References 157 publications

Clathrin mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of exogenous double-stranded RNA in the white mold phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Clathrin mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of exogenous double-stranded RNA in the white mold phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Application of Exogenous dsRNAs-induced RNAi in Agriculture: Challenges and Triumphs

Proteinaceous effector discovery and characterization in filamentous plant pathogens

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