Wearable technology is ubiquitous in western society. Millions of low-cost, high-tech devices have been sold worldwide and consumers are using them to monitor multiple health-related signals, including sleep. [1][2][3] In clinical settings, patients presenting with various sleep disturbances increasingly show up with data from wearables on their smart phones. Clinicians are often befuddled when asked to interpret these data because there are no accepted guidelines or standards on how to interpret it, in part because the FDA does not regulate consumer-level wearables that provide "general wellness" information.3 Although the majority of the wearable technology industry claim that their products are not intended for scientific or medical purposes, researchers and clinicians focusing on sleep are waking up to the idea that these inexpensive tools could be used to monitor research participants and patients, and have begun using wearables in research and clinical practice. Given the widespread use and popularity of these devices, they could also be a new resource for healthcare providers to track a patient's behavior, such as sleep patterns, in relation to disease progression or treatment over a long period of time. Thus, wearables are not only consumer products but are also part of the health information technology revolution that aims to improve health information management, prevent medical errors and reduce health care costs.For wearable technology that purports to measure sleep to be accepted by the research and medical community, it needs to be vetted and have proven reliability and accuracy. While several devices on the market have been shown to be reasonably accurate in specific populations and applications, 3 there are conflicting results from studies attempting to validate sleep trackers against gold standard polysomnography.3 Some of the discrepancies likely relate to differences in the populations being studied, such as adolescents 4-6 versus adults, 7,8 and mixed groups with and without sleep disorders, 5-7 which is important because, similar to standard actigraphy, 9 commercial devices perform less well compared to PSG in persons with frequent awakenings and/or periods of immobile wakefulness. Discrepancies also arise through testing different models of devices. For example, studies evaluating different generation models of Fitbit (Fitbit, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA), i.e. Ultra, Classic, FitbitChargeHR, compared with PSG, showed vastly different discrepancies when compared to PSG. 5,8,10 Adding to the confusion of whether or not commercial devices are valid is the attempt of some companies to measure time spent in "light" or "sound" sleep, or "dream" sleep, with little information provided how these sleep states are defined or measured. There is simply insufficient evidence to derive broad research and/or clinical uses at the present time.3 Clearly, more validation studies are needed both in the laboratory and at home. A more pressing need is pii: sp-00243-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6108for a...