Movements of the Hindlimb During Locomotion of the Cat

Wetzel, Mary C.; Atwater, Anne E.; Stuart, Douglas G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0964-3_6

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2, A and B). As also reported in previous studies (Brustein and Rossignol 1998;Halbertsma 1983;Jiang and Drew 1996;Wetzel et al 1976), the duration of the stance correlated more As reported previously (Martinez et al 2011b), cycle duration is reduced transiently on both sides for a week after the hemisection. However, 21 days after hemisection, the duration of the step cycle recovered to control levels in both HLs while reciprocal significant changes occurred within the two HLs subphases duration (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Incomplete spinal cord injury promotes durable functional changes within the spinal locomotor circuitry

Martinez

Delivet-Mongrain

Leblond

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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While walking in a straight path, changes in speed result mainly from adjustments in the duration of the stance phase while the swing phase remains relatively invariant, a basic feature of the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). To produce a broad range of locomotor behaviors, the CPG has to integrate modulatory inputs from the brain and the periphery and alter these swing/stance characteristics. In the present work we raise the issue as to whether the CPG can adapt or reorganize in response to a chronic change of supraspinal inputs, as is the case after spinal cord injury (SCI). Kinematic data obtained from six adult cats walking at different treadmill speeds were collected to calculate the cycle and subphase duration at different stages after a first spinal hemisection at T(10) and after a subsequent complete SCI at T(13) respectively aimed at disconnecting unilaterally and then totally the spinal cord from its supraspinal inputs. The results show, first, that the neural control of locomotion is flexible and responsive to a partial or total loss of supraspinal inputs. Second, we demonstrate that a hemisection induces durable plastic changes within the spinal locomotor circuitry below the lesion. In addition, this study gives new insights into the organization of the spinal CPG for locomotion such that phases of the step cycle (swing, stance) can be independently regulated for adapting to speed and also that the CPGs controlling the left and right hindlimbs can, up to a point, be regulated independently.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Incomplete spinal cord injury promotes durable functional changes within the spinal locomotor circuitry

Martinez

Delivet-Mongrain

Leblond

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The pattern of activity of the hindlimb muscles was similar to that of intact (Gruner et al 1980), thalamic (Goudard et al 1992) or decerebrate rats (Nicolopoulos-Stournaras and Iles 1984). The cycle duration of actual rhythmic activity was in a locomotor range and could be controlled by the velocity of the treadmill belt as described for locomotor activity in the dog (Orlovsky et al 1966), cat (Goslow et al 1973;Wetzell et al 1976;Halbertsma 1983) and rat (Nicolopoulos-Stournaras andIles 1984, Yakhnitsa et al 1985a,b). Similarly, in curarized animals, the corresponding efferent activities recorded from muscle nerves could be identified as fictive locomotion according to the range of cycle durations and the organisation of the pattern (Bem et al 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Recovery of locomotor activity in the adult chronic spinal rat after sublesional transplantation of embryonic nervous cells: specific role of serotonergic neurons

et al. 1997

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Locomotor movements are programmed in a specialised neuronal network that is localised in the central nervous system and referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. This CPG can be activated by pharmacological agents such as monoamines. The aim of the present study was to try to activate the CPGs by using cells that are supposed to release serotonin locally. Adult chronic spinal rats were injected with embryonic brainstem neurons within the spinal cord under a thoracic transection. This procedure resulted in a monoaminergic reinnervation of the lumbar enlargement. With the help of a specific neurotoxin for noradrenergic neurons (6-hydroxydopamine), it was possible to isolate the serotonergic system. After such transplantation of monoaminergic neurons and even with serotonergic neurons alone, a bilateral, alternating, rhythmic locomotor-like activity recovered in hindlimbs. Furthermore, this locomotor-like activity was clearly facilitated when the re-uptake of serotonin was blocked by zimelidine. Therefore, we conclude that transplanted embryonic serotonergic neurons are able to activate the CPG for locomotion.

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“…I analyzed data for a cat trotting and galloping on a treadmill and for a human running on an outdoor cinder track. The cat data were obtained by digitizing 16 mm, 100 fps film provided by Wetzel, Atwater, and Stuart (1976). Each frame showed a side view of the cat on the treadmill and a 1-ms counter used to calibrate the film speed.…”

Section: Symmetry In Animal Runningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Running With Symmetry

Raibert

1986

The International Journal of Robotics Research

102

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Symmetry can simplify the control of dynamic legged systems. In this paper, the symmetries studied describe motion of the body and legs in terms of even and odd functions of time. A single set of equations describes symmetric running for systems with any number of legs and for a wide range of gaits. Techniques based on symmetry have been used in laboratory experiments to control machines that run on one, two, and four legs. In addition to simplifying the control of legged machines, symmetry may help us to understand legged locomotion in animals. Data from a cat trotting and galloping on a treadmill and from a human running on a track conform reasonably well to the predicted symmetries.

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Movements of the Hindlimb During Locomotion of the Cat

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Incomplete spinal cord injury promotes durable functional changes within the spinal locomotor circuitry

Incomplete spinal cord injury promotes durable functional changes within the spinal locomotor circuitry

Recovery of locomotor activity in the adult chronic spinal rat after sublesional transplantation of embryonic nervous cells: specific role of serotonergic neurons

Running With Symmetry

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