Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for Decentralized Grey Water Treatment: Technical, Ecological and Cost Efficiency Comparison for Domestic Applications

Abstract

The reuse of greywater has several advantages, including reduced freshwater extraction from rivers, aquifers, and groundwater; reduced need for desalination; less environmental impact from septic tanks and water treatment plants; decreased energy consumption; and reduced chemical pollution. The main objectives of this review study are to assess the technical attributes, ecological impacts, and cost-efficiency of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) water treatment technology compared to similar available technology for small to medium-sized, decentralized applications in residential and commercial settings such as home gardening, sanitation, and landfills. Previous studies indicate that hybrid technologies such as MBBR are the most promising methods for the total removal of contaminants in wastewater in a decentralized setting. However, the initial capital cost of this technology for small and medium-scale domestic applications worldwide is high and so is a limiting factor in the expansion of its utilization. Expansion of domestic use of such Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DWTS) could increase the economies of scale and therefore reduce the initial capital costs for this useful water treatment. For the MBBR system, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency was found to be 70%, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal was found to be 97%, and turbidity removal was 98%

Influencing Factors on Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technology in Developing Economy Countries

“…Understanding the factors that influence the adoption of agricultural technology is critical for economists who study growth drivers and for those who create and distribute technology. (Ahmed, 2022) Farm has an irrigation facility Generated own map-based input prescription Despite the potential benefits of agricultural machinery, traditional farmers can face a number of barriers to its adoption. For example, traditional farmers may be unable to access credit or loans to purchase new machinery, or they may lack the skills and knowledge required to operate and maintain the equipment (Hertel & Rosch, 2010).…”

“…Positive perceptions of farming machinery are influenced by a range of factors, including the perceived benefits of the technology, such as improved productivity, reduced labor costs, and better-quality crops (Ahmed & Miller, 2022;Rejeb et al, 2021). Farmers who view farming machinery as a valuable investment are also more likely to adopt the technology (Ahmed, 2022;Al Hosani et al, 2022). On the other hand, negative perceptions of farming machinery, such as the high cost of investment, the perceived complexity of operating the machinery, and the threat to traditional farming practices, can lead to slow adoption or resistance to the technology (Ahmed, 2022).…”

“…Farmers who view farming machinery as a valuable investment are also more likely to adopt the technology (Ahmed, 2022;Al Hosani et al, 2022). On the other hand, negative perceptions of farming machinery, such as the high cost of investment, the perceived complexity of operating the machinery, and the threat to traditional farming practices, can lead to slow adoption or resistance to the technology (Ahmed, 2022). The farmers perception is also a factor of the financial barriers as it's a major factor hindering the adoption of farming machinery (Sattler & Nagel, 2010).…”

“…To promote the adoption of farming machinery in developing economies, it is important to address the barriers to adoption, including the high cost of investment, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to credit (Diao et al, 2016). Governments in these economies can play a key role in promoting the adoption of farming machinery by providing subsidies, financing, and technical support to farmers (Al Hosani et al, 2022). In addition, private sector companies can also play a role in promoting the adoption of farming machinery by providing affordable financing options and technical support to farmers (Diao et al, 2016).…”

“…Despite these challenges, there has been a growing trend towards the adoption of agricultural machinery by traditional farmers in recent years. This is due in part to the increasing availability of credit (Mohan, 2006), improved access to information (Ahmed & Miller, 2022), and the development of new technologies that are more affordable and accessible to small-scale farmers (Ahmed, 2022).…”