Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification of<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>

Su, Chunlei; Shwab, E. Keats; Zhou, Pei; Zhu, Xingquan; Dubey, J. P.

doi:10.1017/s0031182009991065

Cited by 483 publications

(418 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…This belief is changing because of greater genetic diversity as a result of sexual recombination of the parasite (Su et al 2010;Khan et al 2011). A recent study indicated that congenital T. gondii can occur in immune mothers (seropositive) when an atypical genotype overcomes the acquired resistance from the original infecting genotype (Elbez-Rubinstein et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Alsammani

2014

J Parasit Dis

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The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is a major issue for public health. Primary infection in pregnant women can lead to serious sequelae. This review examined current sero-epidemiology and risks factor data for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Arab and African countries. A systematic electronic search of published literature was conducted. Data were extracted from relevant studies. Seropositivity is high in both regions. African countries have higher seropositivity than Arab countries due to differences in risk factors. Data on T. gondii infection in pregnancy are scant in many countries, especially where there is lack of political stability. Identified risk factors included eating raw meat, proximity with cats, undercooked food, and increasing maternal age. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in Arab and African countries is an underestimated health problem. Further research is needed. This report is a foundation for strategies and policies for intervention needed to combat the consequences of congenital toxoplasmosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Alsammani

2014

J Parasit Dis

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“…Strain typing was performed using the genetic markers SAG1, 5' and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3, as described previously (7) (12) . Reference strains, including Type I (RH), Type II (PTG) and Type III (CTG), and other strains (TgCgCa1 MAS and TgCatBr5) were used in the genotyping assays as positive controls.…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondii Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon

Vitaliano

Mendonça

Sandres

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction:Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans and other animals worldwide. Information on the prevalence of T. gondii infection is scarce in some regions of Brazil, including riverside communities along the Amazon River basin. Methods: The prevalence of T. gondii in 231 people, aged 1-85 years, who were living in four riverside communities along the Purus River, Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil, was determined. Antibodies against T. gondii were assayed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The hearts and brains of 50 chickens, which were raised freerange in the communities, were pooled according to the community of origin and bioassayed in mice. The isolates were genotyped using polymorphisms at 12 nuclear markers (SAG1, 5' and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3). Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 56.7% (131/231). IgG antibodies were presented by 117 (89.3%) and IgM by 14 (10.7%) of the 131 positive individuals. No association between age group and gender with prevalence was observed (chi-square test, p > 0.05); however, the comparison between localities showed that the seroprevalence of T. gondii was signifi cantly lower among the individuals living in the Boca do Ituxi (p < 0.05) community. Five isolates of T. gondii were obtained in the mouse bioassay, and genotyping revealed two complete genotypes that had not been described previously and three mixed isolates. Conclusions: These results support previous fi ndings that T. gondii population genetics are highly diverse in Brazil and that T. gondii infection is active in these riverside communities.

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“…Toxoplasma gondii DNA was extracted from the tissues of infected mice or cell-cultured tachyzoites and strain typing was performed using the genetic markers SAG1, 5 0 -and 3 0 -SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico as described previously Su et al, 2010). NeighborNet phylogenetic networks were inferred using the software SplitsTree4 (Huson, 1998;Huson and Bryant, 2006;Pena et al, 2008).…”

Section: Genetic Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type

Dubey

Velmurugan

Rajendran

et al. 2011

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tLittle is known of the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. In the present study wild animals, from the USA were examined for T. gondii infection. Tissues of naturally exposed animals were bioassayed in mice for isolation of viable parasites. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 31 animals including, to our knowledge for the first time, from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), five gray wolves (Canis lupus), a woodrat (Neotoma micropus), and five Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). Additionally, 66 T. gondii isolates obtained previously, but not genetically characterised, were revived in mice. Toxoplasma gondii DNA isolated from these 97 samples (31 + 66) was characterised using 11 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (SAG1, 5 0 -and 3 0 -SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico). A total of 95 isolates were successfully genotyped. In addition to clonal Types II, and III, 12 different genotypes were found. These genotype data were combined with 74 T. gondii isolates previously characterised from wildlife from North America and a composite data set of 169 isolates comprised 22 genotypes, including clonal Types II, III and 20 atypical genotypes. Phylogenetic network analysis showed limited diversity with dominance of a recently designated fourth clonal type (Type 12) in North America, followed by the Type II and III lineages. These three major lineages together accounted for 85% of strains in North America. The Type 12 lineage includes previously identified Type A and X strains from sea otters. This study revealed that the Type 12 lineage accounts for 46.7% (79/169) of isolates and is dominant in wildlife of North America. No clonal Type I strain was identified among these wildlife isolates. These results suggest that T. gondii strains in wildlife from North America have limited diversity, with the occurrence of only a few major clonal types. Ó

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Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification ofToxoplasma gondii

Cited by 483 publications

References 68 publications

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon

Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type

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