“…Risk of MA disease has been also attributed to mutations in GUCY1A3 gene, encoding the major nitric oxide receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) in achalasia cases [ 11 ]. Other sporadic syndromic cases of MA have been reported, as resumed in Table 1 [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. However, these observations are not able to fully explain the pathogenesis of MA, which is believed to be much more complex.…”