Moyen arabe et variétés mixtes de l’arabe : premier essai de bibliographie, Supplément no 1

The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization

“…In the early times of its codification, this ideal written norm was only used by a restricted class of literate and religious scholars. It has never become an expanded oral standard, and many written documents dating from the tenth century onwards appear to mix between classical and vernacular Arabic, a register known as 'Middle Arabic' (Lentin & Grand'Henry 2008, Lentin 2012). In the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the emerging Arab nationalist movements militated in favour of the rebirth of the Arab language and culture.…”

Standardization and New Urban Vernaculars

“…In the early times of its codification, this ideal written norm was only used by a restricted class of literate and religious scholars. It has never become an expanded oral standard, and many written documents dating from the tenth century onwards appear to mix between classical and vernacular Arabic, a register known as 'Middle Arabic' (Lentin & Grand'Henry 2008, Lentin 2012). In the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the emerging Arab nationalist movements militated in favour of the rebirth of the Arab language and culture.…”