MR Angiography of the Intracranial Venous System

Abstract

The normal intracranial venous system is adequately visualized with 3D phase-contrast and coronal 2D TOF MR angiography.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Diagnostic Accuracy of Combined, Dynamic and Static, Contrast-Enhanced 4D MR Venography

“…2,7,16,28 These artifacts may be overcome by the application of sequential oblique sections or by dual-plane acquisitions of 2D TOF MRV. 29,30 Furthermore, improved spatial resolutions by using parallel imaging methods may also help to decrease flow-related artifacts in 2D TOF MRV. Limitations of our study relate to the small number of patients included in the subgroup analysis (eg, acute, subacute, chronic CVT).…”

Progression of Middle Cerebral Artery Susceptibility Sign on T2*-Weighted Images: Its Effect on Recanalization and Clinical Outcome After Thrombolysis

“…The two most common techniques are based on time-offlight effects (2D and 3D time-of-flight techniques) of moving spins and on motion-induced phase shifts (the 3D phase-contrast technique). At MR venography, flow gives rise to high signal intensity, and absence of flow is characterized by reduced signal intensity [13]. Liauw et al [13] conducted a study in 12 healthy volunteers using time-of-flight and phase-contrast techniques in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes.…”

“…At MR venography, flow gives rise to high signal intensity, and absence of flow is characterized by reduced signal intensity [13]. Liauw et al [13] conducted a study in 12 healthy volunteers using time-of-flight and phase-contrast techniques in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes. They found that visualization of a normal intracranial venous system was better with 3D phasecontrast and 2D time-of-flight MR angiographic techniques in the coronal plane than with transverse or sagittal 2D time-of-flight MR angiography.…”

“…CT venography has disadvantages, such as significant exposure to ionizing radiation and the need for IV contrast material [13]. CT also cannot be used as a screening technique in pregnant patients or for repeated follow-up [4].…”

Variations in the cerebral venous anatomy and pitfalls in the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Low field MR experience

“…[7,8] Major cerebral venous sinuses are often studied by using the two dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography (2D TOF MRA) technique of MR angiography. [8,9] Liauw et al, [9] claimed that three dimensional Phase contrast MR angiography (3D PC MRA) and 2D TOF MRA techniques of are equally good for visualization of the intracranial venous sinuses. PC MRA is very sensitive in cases of subacute dural sinus thrombosis where T1W hyperintensity is falsely suggested as patent sinus, in the 2D TOF technique.…”