MR findings of synovial disease in children and young adults: Part 2

Kim, Hee K.; Zbojniewicz, Andrew M.; Merrow, Arnold C.; Cheon, Jung Eun; Kim, In One; Emery, Kathleen H.

doi:10.1007/s00247-011-2007-5

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Gout tophi frequently mimic other conditions such as tumor or infection (16) (Figure 3a, b). Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a new technology that provides a non-invasive determination of MSU crystal deposits.…”

Section: Gout Arthropathymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basic radiological assessment of synovial diseases: a pictorial essay

Turan¹,

Celtikci²,

Tufan³

et al. 2017

Eur J Rheumatol

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IntroductionThe synovium is a thin specialized membrane lining the diarthrodial joint surfaces, bursae, and tendon sheaths. Synovium coats the inner surface of the fibrous joint capsule, fat pads, and intraarticular ligaments. Other intraarticular structures such as the articular cartilage, menisci, labra, and small bone bare area are not covered by the synovium (1, 2). The synovium provides nutrition and lubrication to the joint cartilage by fluid secretion (3).Synovial diseases are classified as inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, traumatic, hemorrhagic, and neoplastic. There are also tumor-like conditions such as pigmented villonodular synovitis, nodular synovitis, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, synovial chondromatosis/osteochondromatosis, and lipoma arborescens (1, 3).Damage in other intraarticular structures, particularly cartilages, generally occurs as a consequence of pathologic processes involving the synovium, leading to irreversible joint destruction (4). Imaging plays a crucial role in the early detection of synovial diseases prior to the occurrence of irreversible joint damage. Plain radiography, ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are utilized in the diagnosis and follow-up of synovial diseases. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is the best tool to diagnose synovial disorders (1, 3).MRI findings of synovial diseases include thickening of the synovium, hyperintensity on T2-weighted images (T2WI) due to water accumulation, and prominent contrast enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images (T1WI). Because of the high soft-tissue contrast resolution of MRI, besides synovitis diagnosis, joint effusion, articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, muscles, and juxtaarticular soft tissues can be evaluated (5). Herein, each of these synovial diseases were explained in detail. Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-based chronic, progressively destructive inflammatory systemic disease. Synovial hypertrophy occurs initially, and locally invasive behavior causes cartilage destruction and bone erosions. RA proceeds progressively, ultimately causing multiple deformities. All synovial joints can be affected; however, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints are the most frequently involved ones. Bilateral and symmetric involvement is a rule and atlantoaxial joint particularly involved in the spine (6, 7). RA also has extraarticular musculoskeletal manifestations such as rheumatoid nodules, enthesopathy, bursitis, tenosynovitis, and tendon rupture.Radiographs show typical findings such as soft-tissue swelling, marginal erosions, periarticular osteopenia, joint space narrowing, and joint subluxation. Besides bone alterations, this imaging modality is unable to display synovitis at an early stage. Identification of early changes facilitate the prevention of joint damage The synovium is a specialized tissue lining the synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths of the body. It is affected by various localized or systemic disorders. Syn...

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Section: Gout Arthropathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The knee is the most commonly affected joint. In addition, the elbows, wrists, and ankles can be affected as well (16,31).…”

Section: Synovial Vascular Malformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic radiological assessment of synovial diseases: a pictorial essay

Turan¹,

Celtikci²,

Tufan³

et al. 2017

Eur J Rheumatol

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“…These rare lesions present with pain and recurrent swelling, and are most common about the knee. 2 There may or may not be associated overgrowth of the osseous and soft-tissue structures, depending on the degree of limb involvement. VMs are usually isointense to hypointense relative to muscle on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images.…”

Section: Vascular Malformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pediatric Knee

Gill

Nemeth

Davis

2014

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

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“…MRI may demonstrate synovial thickening and enhancement in both disorders. Signal changes in marrow and enhancement in surrounding soft tissues strongly favors septic arthritis [ 44 ] (see Chap. 12 for further discussion).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the erosions and the abscesses demonstrate marginal enhancement that is thinner and smoother than with bacterial infection. Marrow edema is also less pronounced [ 44 ]. Tuberculous lesions in children usually lack sclerosis or sequestra, although, in contrast to adult disease, layered periosteal reaction may occur [ 48 ].…”

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confidence: 98%

Musculoskeletal Infection

Stein-Wexler

2014

Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging

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Manifestation of musculoskeletal infection in children depends on the developmental anatomy of bones and in particular its changing vascular supply. Thus, it is essential to understand this process thoroughly. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and cellulitis are relatively common. There are three accepted stages of osteomyelitisacute, subacute, and chronic. Each has a unique presentation and imaging appearance, but they can be confused with other entities. Radiology, ultrasound, nuclear imaging, CT, and MRI each play a critical role depending on the clinical scenario and the suspected pathogen. Much of this discussion focuses on common bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ), but meningococcemia, tuberculosis, fungal infections, and syphilis are also discussed. In addition, the chapter presents manifestations of osteomyelitis in unique locations, such as the epiphysis, the pelvis, and the spine, and in unique patient populations, such as those with sickle-cell disease. Although chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is auto-infl ammatory rather than infectious, we include it here as well.

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MR findings of synovial disease in children and young adults: Part 2

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Basic radiological assessment of synovial diseases: a pictorial essay

Basic radiological assessment of synovial diseases: a pictorial essay

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pediatric Knee

Musculoskeletal Infection

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