MR Imaging of Accessory Soleus Muscle

Ekstrom, Jon E.; Shuman, William P.; Mack, Laurance A.

doi:10.1097/00004728-199003000-00015

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Studies of comparative anatomy, especially of the gibbon and orangutan, have lead anatomists to hypothesize that the variation results from a remnant of an additional head of the coracobrachialis muscle which is seen in these animals, and that it regressed as humans transitioned to upright walking, relying less on the upper extremities for weight bearing. [8,38,39] Two relatively large studies have categorized the origins and insertions of supernumerary heads in an attempt to identify the most frequent variations. RodriquezNiedenfuhr et al [11] identified three different points of origin: superior, infero-lateral, and infero-medial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unusual origin of three headed biceps brachii muscle

Reilly¹,

Kamineni²

2015

Anatomy

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The biceps brachii is one of the most variable muscles in the human body in terms of the number of heads contributing to the muscle. The most common origin of these supernumerary heads is along the humeral shaft. We document a previously unreported point of origin for a supernumerary head. Routine dissection of a 10% formalin fixed upper extremity of a 72 year old Caucasian male, revealed a tricipital biceps brachii muscle. The third head took its origin from the deep investing fascia of the brachialis muscle and inserted onto the tendon of the short head of the biceps brachii. We believe this to be a previously unreported point of origin for a supernumerary head of the biceps brachii muscle. Supernumerary heads become clinically important as they can be a source of confusion for surgeons operating in this region and may be mistaken for soft tissue tumors when they are unilateral. An understanding of such variations is important.Keywords: biceps third head; elbow; shoulder; supernumerary biceps brachii Anatomy 2015;9(2):94-99

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,24,33] Accessory muscle heads should be able to be differentiated from soft tissue tumors with routine MR imaging. [26,38] Finally, supernumerary heads can cause unusual displacement of humeral fragments after fracture. [19] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual origin of three headed biceps brachii muscle

Reilly¹,

Kamineni²

2015

Anatomy

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“…In the embryo, the single anlage of this muscle may separate into two parts, and an extra fasciculus or even a supernumerary muscle with its own fascia, nerve, and artery may develop (2,3). The muscle originates either from the anterior surface of the normal soleus or from the fibula and soleal line of the tibia and inserts either into the Achilles tendon or on the calcaneus medial, anterior and inferior to the normal Achilles tendon (3,4). The clinical presentation is often misleading, suggesting a neoplastic or inflammatory mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The computed tomography and MR appearances of these anomalous muscles have been considered diagnostic (3,(5)(6)(7). MRI allows accurate diagnosis of an accessory soleus muscle because the signal intensity of normal muscle is distinctly different from that of abnormal muscle and soft tissue tumors (3,7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accessory soleus muscle as a cause of chronic calf pain

Garg

Kilcoyne

1997

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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The patient, a 35-year-old man, had developed severe pain and mild swelling in the left lower leg and ankle 8 weeks prior to presentation. He had no history of trauma, fever, rash, insect bites, eating raw meat, or exposure to animals. He did have a history of chronic bilateral knee pain, but the etiology had never been determined. His leg was placed in a short-leg cast for 4 weeks, with no relief of symptoms. Subsequently, he noted significant improvement with physiotherapy and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Physiotherapy consisted of exercise on a balance board, stretches, and ultrasound treatment.The earlier medical history included 2 groin surgeries, in 1988 and 1989, for perineal trauma resulting from a fall on a log in military basic training. A scrota1 ultrasound examination and retrograde urethrography had been performed at that time, but no radiographs were obtained. During the past several years he had undergone physiotherapy for bilateral knee pain.Physical examination revealed a mildly tender mass in the medial and posterior aspect of the left lower leg and ankle. Neurovascular function was intact. Range of motion and strength of the left ankle were normal. Laboratory studies showed normal findings on tests of creatinine and cholesterol levels, liver function tests, complete blood cell count, and blood chemistry panel. Radiologic findingsFindings of standard radiographs of the left leg and ankle were normal. Axial proton-density-weighted

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Dissecting the accessory soleus muscle: A literature review, cadaveric study, and imaging study

et al. 2011

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The accessory soleus muscle (ASM) has been an unusual anatomical variant since its first recordings in Guy's Hospital Reports of the early nineteenth century. Individuals with an ASM may present with symptoms of pain and/or swelling and were often misdiagnosed as soft-tissue tumors such as hemangioma, sarcoma, or lipoma. The aim of our study was threefold: (1) to review the cadaveric and clinical literature to determine the reported prevalence of ASM; (2) to conduct a cadaveric study investigating the prevalence and attachment sites of the ASM; (3) to conduct a retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients presenting with ankle symptoms to determine prevalence and attachment sites of the ASM. Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of the muscle (3%) was as stated in the literature (0.7-5.5%), but with males more likely to possess unilateral ASM and females more likely to possess bilateral ASM. Three common attachment types were reported in the literature: (i) a distal attachment to the medial aspect of the calcaneus by a separate tendon (26.1% of ASM subjects), (ii) a distal tendinous attachment to the calcaneal tendon (3.5%), and (iii) a distal fleshy attachment to the medial surface of the calcaneus (4.3%), with the remaining 66.1% of ASM subjects from previous studies with unidentified attachment types. Our cadaveric specimens were found to possess each attachment type, whereas imaging patients all possessed distal attachments to the medial calcaneus via a separate tendon. Furthermore, a rare cadaveric specimen with two distal attachments was also found. We believe it is important to recognize the prevalence of this condition and be aware of its morphology in order to understand its clinical presentation, accurately diagnose the condition, and pursue effective forms of management.

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MR Imaging of Accessory Soleus Muscle

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Unusual origin of three headed biceps brachii muscle

Unusual origin of three headed biceps brachii muscle

Accessory soleus muscle as a cause of chronic calf pain

Dissecting the accessory soleus muscle: A literature review, cadaveric study, and imaging study

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