MRI and CT of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Razek, Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel; King, Ann D.

doi:10.2214/ajr.11.6954

Cited by 148 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) provides the greatest imaging accuracy for most head and neck tumors. However, for GTVs near the base of the skull, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to CT for detection of tumor involvement of the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces, skull base foramina, cranial nerves, and bone marrow (i.e., of the clivus) in cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses, and esthesioneuroblastoma (Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek and King 2012 ;Lloyd et al 2000 ;Ng et al 1997 ;Som 1997 ). MRI with fat-saturated, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images also provides superior sensitivity for detection of perineural spread to the skull base in cases of locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and malignant salivary gland tumors, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma or high-grade acinic cell carcinoma (Gandhi et al 2011 ;Hanna et al 2007 ;Nemzek et al 1998 ).…”

Section: Delineating the Primary Gross Tumor Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Head and Neck Cancer

Vainshtein¹,

Eisbruch²

2015

Target Volume Definition in Radiation Oncology

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Section: Delineating the Primary Gross Tumor Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Head and Neck Cancer

Vainshtein¹,

Eisbruch²

2015

Target Volume Definition in Radiation Oncology

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“…MR imaging revealed enlargement or abnormal enhancement of the mandibular nerve (V3), obliteration of the neural fat pads in the foramen oval, or foraminal enlargement. Mandibular nerve involvement is best seen on coronal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat saturation [41,42] (Fig. 13).…”

Section: Perineural Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MR imaging provides excellent visualization of the soft tissue planes of the nasopharynx and is superior to CT for detecting perineural spread of tumor. Lymphadenopathy is present in up to 90 % of patients, with the retropharyngeal chain often being the first involved nodal site [42] (Fig. 13).…”

Section: Nasopharyngeal Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of a heterogeneous tumor, or rapidly growing large destructive mass that displays different signal intensity from the primary tumor, within the radiation field that occurs after a sufficient latency period should suggest the possibility of a radiation-induced sarcoma. The presence of calcification or ossification points strongly to a diagnosis of radiationinduced sarcoma [42,54].…”

Section: Radiation-induced Sarcomamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of lesions at masticator space

Razek

2014

Jpn J Radiol

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We aim to review the normal anatomy and imaging appearance of masticator space lesions. Because the masticator space is not amenable to direct examination, cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play an important role in diagnosis and characterization of lesions occurring there. Masticator space lesions can be classified on the basis of their origin into the following categories: inflammatory lesions, benign tumors, malignant tumors, vascular lesions, and developmental lesions. A diverse spectrum of malignant tumors and benign lesions are seen extending from the adjacent spaces. In addition, one should also be familiar with pseudolesions as well as post-treatment changes in the masticator space that can be mistaken for pathologic conditions.

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“…-For CN IX and X: Cover jugular foramen -For CN V: Cover pterygopalatine fossa, cavernous sinus, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale -For CN VI: Cover cavernous sinus • MRI provides superior assessment of skull base involvement and tumor invasion into soft tissue structures compared to CT scan (Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek & King 2012 ), in particular.…”

Section: Diagnostic Workup Relevant For Target Volume Delineationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Riaz¹,

Tam²,

Lee³

2014

Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

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• The nasopharynx is a cubodial chamber that is posteriorly bound by the C1-C2 vertebral body and sphenoid bone. Anteriorly, it connects with the nasal cavity and begins at the posterior choanae. Inferiorly, it connects with the oropharynx and the superior surface of the soft palate forms the fl oor of the cavity (Fig. 1a ).• The eustachian tube is located in the lateral wall and bounded by a prominence known as the torus tubarius. Posterior to the torus is the fossa of Rosenmüller, which is the most common site for nasopharyngeal malignancies. In advanced cases, the tumor can invade the middle ear through the eustachian tube (Fig. 1b ).• Anteriorly, the tumor can extend into the nasal fossa (87 %) ( Fig. 7 ) and result in destruction of the pterygoid plates (27 %). Less commonly, the tumor can invade the ethmoid and maxillary sinus or infi ltrate the orbital apex.• Laterally, the tumor can extend into the parapharyngeal space (68 %), which is an important part of T staging for a tumor (Figs. 7 and 8b ). Extension into this space can occasionally lead to invasion of cranial nerves IX to XII in advanced disease. • Superiorly, nasopharyngeal carcinoma can directly invade the base of the skull, the sphenoid sinus, and the clivus (41 %). The foramen lacerum is a vulnerable spot through which the tumor may enter the cavernous sinus (16 %) and the middle cranial fossa to invade cranial nerves III to VI. The foramen ovale also allows access for the tumor to invade the middle cranial fossa, in addition to the petrous portion of the temporal bone (19 %), and the cavernous sinus.• The posterior extension of NPC is less common and can include invasion of prevertebral muscles (19 %) and inferior invasion of the oropharynx (21 %).

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MRI and CT of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Abstract: Imaging can detect effect of radiation on surrounding structures. The imaging findings that help to differentiate nasopharyngeal carcinoma from simulating lesions are discussed.

Cited by 148 publications

References 35 publications

Head and Neck Cancer

Head and Neck Cancer

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of lesions at masticator space

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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