MRI of Articular Cartilage: Revisiting Current Status and Future Directions

Recht, Michael P.; Goodwin, Douglas W.; Winalski, Carl S.; White, Lawrence M.

doi:10.2214/ajr.05.0099

Cited by 171 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…MRI can provide a three-dimensional visualization through the volume of cartilage, whereas radiography cannot depict cartilage, and arthroscopy provides observations on and near the tissue surface (figure 2). MRI-based grading systems for chondral lesions can take into account the thickening or thinning of cartilage, changes in contour of the articular surface, increased fibrillation, and even changes in signal intensity [61] and correlate well with the anatomical loss of cartilage [62]. However, these grading schemes are affected by the magnet strength [63] and the choice of imaging technique and parameters [63,64].…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Articular Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Chan

Neu

2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that reflects a complex interplay of biochemical, biomechanical, metabolic and genetic factors, which are often triggered by injury, and mediated by inflammation, catabolic cytokines and enzymes. An unmet clinical need is the lack of reliable methods that are able to probe the pathogenesis of early OA when disease-rectifying therapies may be most effective. Non-invasive quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques have shown potential for characterizing the structural, biochemical and mechanical changes that occur with cartilage degeneration. In this paper, we review the background in articular cartilage and OA as it pertains to conventional MRI and qMRI techniques. We then discuss how conventional MRI and qMRI techniques are used in clinical and research environments to evaluate biochemical and mechanical changes associated with degeneration. Some qMRI techniques allow for the use of relaxometry values as indirect biomarkers for cartilage components. Direct characterization of mechanical behaviour of cartilage is possible via other specialized qMRI techniques. The combination of these qMRI techniques has the potential to fully characterize the biochemical and biomechanical states that represent the initial changes associated with cartilage degeneration. Additionally, knowledge of in vivo cartilage biochemistry and mechanical behaviour in healthy subjects and across a spectrum of osteoarthritic patients could lead to improvements in the detection, management and treatment of OA.

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Section: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Articular Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Chan

Neu

2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…A complete review of MRI of cartilage is beyond the scope of this article. Recent advances in MRI of cartilage have been reviewed extensively (32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43).…”

Section: Osteoarthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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“…In addition, the fact that articular cartilage is very thin and has curved surfaces contributes to the insensitivity of some MRI analyses due to partial-volume averaging effects. This makes the detection of thin fissures, cartilage flaps, and shallow defects difficult 50 . MRI studies have also had limited success in quantitation of biochemical changes in earlier stages of osteoarthritis 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near infrared spectroscopic evaluation of water in hyaline cartilage

Padalkar

Spencer

Pleshko

2012

2012 38th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC)

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In diseased conditions of cartilage such as osteoarthritis, there is typically an increase in water content from the average normal of 60-85% to greater than 90%. As cartilage has very little capability for self-repair, methods of early detection of degeneration are required, and assessment of water could prove to be a useful diagnostic method. Current assessment methods are either destructive, time consuming or have limited sensitivity. Here, we investigated the hypotheses that non-destructive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of articular cartilage can be used to differentiate between free and bound water, and to quantitatively assess water content. The absorbances centered at 5200 cm −1 and 6890 cm −1 were attributed to a combination of free and bound water, and to free water only, respectively. The integrated areas of both absorbance bands were found to correlate linearly with the absolute water content (R=0.87 and R= 0.86) and with percent water content (R=0.97 and R=0.96) of the tissue. Partial least square models were also successfully developed and were used to predict water content, and percent free water. These data demonstrate that NIRS can be utilized to quantitatively determine water content in articular cartilage, and may aid in early detection of degenerative tissue changes in a laboratory setting, and with additional validations, possibly in a clinical setting.

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MRI of Articular Cartilage: Revisiting Current Status and Future Directions

Cited by 171 publications

References 113 publications

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Near infrared spectroscopic evaluation of water in hyaline cartilage

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MRI of Articular Cartilage: Revisiting Current Status and Future Directions

Cited by 171 publications

References 113 publications

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Near infrared spectroscopic evaluation of water in hyaline cartilage

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Product

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage