2021
DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02865-x
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MRI of focal cortical dysplasia

Abstract: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) are histopathologically categorized in ILAE type I to III. Mild malformations of cortical development (mMCD) including those with oligodendroglial hyperplasia (MOGHE) are to be integrated into this classification yet. Only FCD type II have distinctive MRI and molecular genetics alterations so far. Subtle FCD including FCD type II located in the depth of a sulcus are often overlooked requiring the use of dedicated sequences (MP2RAGE, FLAWS, EDGE) and/or voxel (VBM)- or surface-bas… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(18 citation statements)
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“…We obtained consistent results from the analysis of clinical data that complete resection was beneficial for patient prognosis. MRI is currently the best method for non-invasive preoperative assessment of FCD, which helps to clarify the relationship between the lesion site, boundary, and surrounding tissues ( 8 ), and provides a basis for satisfiable surgical decision-making. Therefore, the screening of key clinical and MRI findings related to prognostic grading is of great significance for preoperative personalized diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and postoperative life quality improvement in children with FCD II.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…We obtained consistent results from the analysis of clinical data that complete resection was beneficial for patient prognosis. MRI is currently the best method for non-invasive preoperative assessment of FCD, which helps to clarify the relationship between the lesion site, boundary, and surrounding tissues ( 8 ), and provides a basis for satisfiable surgical decision-making. Therefore, the screening of key clinical and MRI findings related to prognostic grading is of great significance for preoperative personalized diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and postoperative life quality improvement in children with FCD II.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…MRI-negative is a misnomer that comprises patients without an MRI lesion or with a subtle MRI lesion but being overlooked ( 8 ). Although high-field imaging and postprocessing techniques have dramatically improved the detection rate of FCD, there are still limitations in the artifacts ( 22 ), the high false positive rate outcome ( 23 ), and clinical application promotion.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In this single-centre retrospective study, we selected consecutive children and adolescents who underwent MRI at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich, according to a dedicated epilepsy protocol, between the 1st of January 2007 and the 1st of November 2021. Inclusion criteria for our study were: (1) diagnosis of focal structural epilepsy based on electroclinical correlations and the presence of an MRI-detectable lesion, (2) MRI reports compatible with FCD according to previously defined and widely adopted criteria [ 24 ], and (3) age < 18 years at the time of the scan. An experienced radiologist with several years of clinical and research experience in neuroradiology (A.G.G.)…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, refractory epilepsy is still a global medical problem, of which approximately 46.5% of patients have focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) [ 1 , 2 ]. FCD is a kind of cortical developmental malformation generated by cortical neuron migration or cell proliferation disorder [ 3 ]. In 2011, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified focal cortical dysplasia into three subtypes based on microscopic neocortical structural abnormalities [ 4 ]: (1) FCD type I is a pathologically focal cortical dysplasia with abnormal longitudinal and/or transverse stratification, in which type I a refers only to structural abnormalities of the cortex, while type I b refers to an abundance of large or immature neurons on the basis of FCD type I a, and the existence of these two changes is called type I c; (2) FCD type II is a heterogenous neuron with or without balloon-like cells, in which type II a is a malformed neuron without balloon cells, while type II b refers to the appearance of balloon-like cells on the basis of FCD type II a; and (3) FCD type III is not only an abnormal stratification of the cortex, but is also accompanied by other lesions such as hippocampal sclerosis and vascular malformation, in which type III a is with hippocampal sclerosis, III b with epileptic-associated tumor, III c with vascular malformation, and III d with early acquired epileptic lesions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%