MRI of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections

64-slice CT imaging in a case of total anomalous pulmonary venous circulation

“…MRI with contrast-enhanced MRI angiography has been used over the last few years as a noninvasive modality for the diagnosis of TAPVC and has shown good correlation with angiocardiographic findings. [56] In some cases of anomalous partial venous connections, MRI may well surpass angiocardiography. [6] By virtue of its ability to provide 3D definition, helical CT has been used since 1996[7] and, with the introduction of multislice technology in 1998, it has increasingly been used to diagnose complex venous anomalies of the heart, especially in children.…”

The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Diagnosis of Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return with Subsequent Amplatzer Device Treatment

“…Moreover, it does not have the limitations of cardiac catheterization, and its contribution, especially for direct anatomical visualization of congenital anomalies of the thoracic veins, is well established (4,5). Some papers even claim it is superior to other techniques in the specific case of anomalous pulmonary venous return (9,10). The various MRI pulse sequences accurately show the venous pathways and direction of flow; in particular, MRI enables unlimited study of the left retroatrial area.…”

Complex congenital heart malformation evaluated with MR imaging at 0.3 T

“…Sometimes the velocity patterns in Doppler studies indicate stenosis but the echographic images provide poor anatomic information. In such cases further imaging is desirable to exclude, for example, shunt flow causing increased flow velocity Thus, MR is a good complement to Doppler echocardiography, by virtue of its ability to visualize pulmonary blood supply [16,17] and anomalous venous return [18][19][20][21]. When this is the clinical issue, MR is the method of choice.…”