MRI scans in patients with tardive dyskinesia

Effects of the interaction between ferric iron and L‐dopa melanin on T1 and T2 relaxation times determined by magnetic resonance imaging

“…The presence of drug-induced TD in chronic schizophrenics was associated with increased TI of the basal ganglia ( 3 9 ) . In another study of MRI in TD patients, three of the seven cases examined revealed evidence of abnormalities in the distribution of brain iron on TZweighted images (40). Recently, Bartzokis et al ( 4 2 ) reported that male patients with TD had a significantly shortened T2 relaxation time in the left caudate, which they attributed to increased iron levels in the basal ganglia.…”

Tardive Dyskinesia: Possible Involvement of Free Radicals and Treatment With Vitamin E

“…Increased iron deposition can cause decreased signal intensity and shortening of the relaxation time on MRI (Drayer et al 1986). Of the three MRI studies investigating iron deposition in the basal ganglia of patients with TD, two reported no change in the signal (Heinz et al 1988; Elkashef et al 1994 b ) and one (Bartzokis et al 1990) reported shortened relaxation time in the left caudate of patients with TD. These studies suggest an underlying process other than aging that leads to neurodegeneration in the brains of schizophrenia patients with TD, but the studies don’t directly provide evidence that it is mediated by free radical generation.…”

Neuroleptic induced parkinsonism: MRI findings in relation to clinical course after withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs.

“…Increased iron in striatal structures has also been shown in patients with tardive dyskinesiae after prolonged neuroleptic use,2829 a report, however, not confirmed by other authors. 30 In conclusion, even though the results of this study must be considered as preliminary and need to be confirmed on a larger number of patients, techniques such as MRI may be useful in identifying patients at higher risk for developing neuroleptic induced parkinsonism.…”