MRSA in Humans, Pets and Livestock in Portugal: Where We Came from and Where We Are Going

Abstract

Over the years, molecular typing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has allowed for the identification of endemic MRSA strains and pathogenic strains. After reaching a peak of predominance in a given geographic region, MRSA strains are usually replaced by a new strain. This process is called clonal replacement and is observed worldwide. The worldwide spread of hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) clones over the last few decades has allowed this microorganism to be currently considered a pandemic. In Portugal, most HA-MRSA infections are associated with EMRSA-15 (S22-IV), New York/Japan (ST5-II) and Iberian (ST247-I) clones. Regarding the strains found in the community, many of them are frequently associated with the hospital environment, namely the Pediatric, Brazilian and Iberian clones. On the other hand, a strain that is typically found in animals, MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398, has been described in humans as colonizing and causing infections. The ST398 clone is found across all animal species, particularly in farm animals where the economic impact of LA-MRSA infections can have disastrous consequences for industries. In contrast, the EMRSA-15 clone seems to be more related to companion animals. The objective of this review is to better understand the MRSA epidemiology because it is, undoubtedly, an important public health concern that requires more attention, in order to achieve an effective response in all sectors.

Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistance isolated from cats in animal clinic at Sidoarjo District, East Java, Indonesia

“…MRSA has been identified in numerous European nations, Singapore, and North America according to a global geographic distribution of its prevalence (Kitti et al 2018). Human-animal relationship that is close to perfect being in direct touch with humans often by most cats increases the risk of MRSA transmission (Silva et al 2022). There are four MRSA isolates that are positive, and one of them is a cat that is healthy.…”

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Pullulan Scaffolds Loaded with Nepeta racemosa Lam. Essential Oil and Perspectives for Possible Applications

“…This aspect is particularly important, because methicillin-resistant staphylococci, along with other antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, pose a special challenge in current medical practice. MRSA have a remarkable ability to adapt to different environments and hosts and have evolved over time into epidemic strains that pose a major public health risk [ 75 ].…”

Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in Livestock: Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages

“…In cattle, MRSA ST398 was the most prevalent, in addition to MRSA ST9 and ST72. MRSA ST398 was initially detected in pigs, however, later it was also detected in companion and food chain animals, as well as in humans, mainly in those who perform professions in which they have frequent contact with animals [ 95 , 96 ]. MRSA ST9 has already been described as a cause of infections in humans and animals, in addition to that it is constantly related to pigs [ 93 , 97 , 98 ].…”