MSORTV imaging of electrotonic conduction in a syncitium: Optical recording of polarization spread in a simple salivary gland

Senseman, David M.; Horwitz, I. S.; Salzberg, Brian M.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402440110

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Therefore, the first phase probably corresponds to action potentials and the second phase to electrotonic local responses. Similar results obtained from the snail salivary gland have been reported (Senseman, Horwitz & Salzberg, 1987). There were regional differences in the size of the electrotonic responses.…”

Section: Electrotonic Responses and Anode-break Excitationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Multiple‐site optical monitoring of neural activity evoked by vagus nerve stimulation in the embryonic chick brain stem.

Kamino

Kato

Komuro

et al. 1989

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Electrical activity in the embryonic chick brain stem has been monitored optically. The vagus-brain stem preparations isolated from 7-day-old chick embryos were stained with voltage-sensitive merocyanine-rhodanine dyes.2. Voltage-related optical absorption signals evoked by vagus nerve stimulation with depolarizing and hyperpolarizing pulses using a suction electrode were recorded simultaneously from 127 adjacent loci in the brain stem using a 12 x 12-element photodiode array.3. The optical signals evoked by the stimulation appeared to be concentrated longitudinally in the central region and in the lateral region, both on the stimulated side of the brain stem, and they did not spread to the opposite side. In addition, the evoked optical responses were detected from small areas on the dorsal surface of the stimulated side, in experiments using transverse slices of brain stem. 4. The optical action potential signals evoked by the brief depolarizing stimulus were conducted slowly and were blocked completely by tetrodotoxin. With relatively long-duration depolarizing and hyperpolarizing stimulations, electrotonic responses were recorded. 5. When 2 1sA/2 ms hyperpolarizing pulse stimulations were applied, anode-break excitation signals were detected, and these signals were also blocked by tetrodotoxin.6. On the basis of the data obtained from these experiments, we constructed maps of the electrical response area and demonstrated the spatial pattern of the vagus dorsal nucleus in the 7-day-old embryonic chick brain stem.

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Section: Electrotonic Responses and Anode-break Excitationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Multiple‐site optical monitoring of neural activity evoked by vagus nerve stimulation in the embryonic chick brain stem.

Kamino

Kato

Komuro

et al. 1989

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The ratio offluorescence change at each site reflects the ratio of voltages AF2/AF1 = AV2/AV1 independent of the local scaling factor. We used this procedure to evaluate the transients of hyperpolarization: We divided the signals of hyperpolarization by those of depolarization (25). In other words, we scaled them by the same factors used to normalize the signals of depolarization.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cable properties of a straight neurite of a leech neuron probed by a voltage-sensitive dye.

Fromherz

Müller²

1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We measured a time-resolved map of electrical activity in a thin straight neurite (1. (24). The 100 outputs were fed into current-voltage converters (OPA 121; Burr-Brown, Filderstadt, F.R.G., with 100-Ma feedback resistors, time constant 0.4 ms) and eventually into differential sample-and-hold amplifiers. Ten diodes were selected, and their signals were stored on a tape recorder (Racal, Bergisch Gladbach, F.R.G.).The protocol of a measurement was as follows: (i) Adjustment of a segment of the neurite along a row of 10 diodes, (ii) record baselines in the dark, (iii) record fluorescence with open shutter (after a 5-ms interval) and then switch to the sample-and-hold mode with the total fluorescence as a reference. (iv) Record and store fluorescence with electrical stimulation for 70 ms: A positive current (2-4 nA) was injected for 25 ms to elicit an action potential (amplitude 60-75 mV). After an interval of 10 ms, a negative Gaussian voltage (amplitude around -100 to -160 mV) was induced by a negative and positive current pulse. (v) After an interval of 5 s the fluorescence without stimulation was recorded for 70 ms and stored (baseline of bleaching). To overcome the limited range of the diode array (-85 pum) we displaced the neuron along a row of diodes several times-starting with the terminal segment-and repeated cycles (i-v). A complete set of data was sampled from the tape at an interval of0.1 ms and a resolution of 12 bit and read into a microcomputer. The fluorescence changes without stimulation were fitted by an exponential function and subtracted from the changes with stimulation; the results were divided by the total fluorescences. The transients of depolarization were corrected for the decreased amplitude of the action potential (from 75 to 60 mV) during a set of measurements with displaced neurites.Then all transients of depolarization were normalized to constant amplitude. The transients of hyperpolarization were scaled by the same factors. Finally the signals were smoothed Abbreviation: N cell, nociceptive neuron. 4604The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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“…liver, pancreas, salivary glands (Senseman et al 1987), bone, blood-forming tissue (Rosendaal and Krenacs 2000) and in the embryo during the early stages of differentiation. Electrotonic synapses between neurones at a given level of the nervous system are now recognised as a major component of within-level synchronisation (see Draguhn et al 1998 also Zoidl andDermietzel 2002).…”

Section: Homeotaxy and Horizontal Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution to the Whole (H). Can Squids Show us Anything that We did not know Already?

Packard

2006

Biol Philos

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For a multicellular organism to proceed from egg to adult it must: (i) undergo cell division, (ii) differentiate, (iii) remain a unified whole (H o ). These requirements are at right angles to each other. The first two are achieved through hierarchical processes (vertical control) that are relatively well understood, the third through non-hierarchical processes (horizontal control) physiological evidence for which is abundant, though not widely recognized as a form of control. The essay gives an example of a tissue -the skin of a living squid -whose horizontal network properties come to light when nervous (vertical) control is removed. It offers the name homeotaxy or 'peer conformity' for the general principle (allied to the community effect, Gurdon 1988) that constrains the parts of the whole to be in the same state within any given layer of the networkwhere layers correspond to ontogenetic stages in the development of the tissue -and discusses the question of a need and a name for this principle in Biology.Savouring of an intangible 'holism' and of Driesch's dubious 'entelechy', the old question of how it is that the organism behaves as a whole, and not just as a collection of parts, can not be said to be of major concern to today's biologists. One obstacle is that holistic concepts are notoriously difficult to formulate; the words and concepts available for dealing with wholes are perceived as inadequate; we seem to have advanced little beyond the broad statements of the organismal and Gestalt schools. Another is the sheer success of reductionist methodology allied to molecular technologies. While this essay is essentially about the first of these problems, it is heavily influenced by the existence of the second.As a working 'whole animal' biologist, I see it as a question of controls, and seek a pragmatic way round the problem by asserting, on general biological grounds and as far as possible in non-technical language, some simple principles amply demonstrable in living things.To pose the question about wholes and parts in a dynamic form with reasonable chance of being understood by seminar audiences, I have been asking it in a context with which all students and practitioners in the life sciences should be more or less familiar. What is it that holds the blastomeres together so that

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MSORTV imaging of electrotonic conduction in a syncitium: Optical recording of polarization spread in a simple salivary gland

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Multiple‐site optical monitoring of neural activity evoked by vagus nerve stimulation in the embryonic chick brain stem.

Multiple‐site optical monitoring of neural activity evoked by vagus nerve stimulation in the embryonic chick brain stem.

Cable properties of a straight neurite of a leech neuron probed by a voltage-sensitive dye.

Contribution to the Whole (H). Can Squids Show us Anything that We did not know Already?

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