“…Currently, DL technologies have already been successfully applied in the sorting for MSW, − ,,,− or in a more specific area such as the classification of e-wastes, , C&D wastes, , food trays, or recyclable waste. ,,− The classification accuracies varied in different studies due to the specific classification tasks. Generally, the best classification accuracies reported from recent studies ranged from 90.00% to 99.60% for single-label waste sorting with consistent background, ,,,,, 82.80% to 96.96% for single-label waste sorting with inconsistent backgrounds, ,,− and 73.00% to 95.20% for multilabel waste sorting, ,,,,,,,, which are significantly better compared with manual sorting . Specifically, the results show that using the transfer learning method (e.g., ResNet, ,,,, DenseNet, ,,, and YOLO ,,, which are pretrained using millions of labeled images) can improve the accuracy of waste sorting and enhance the robustness of the model .…”