MTF Issues in Small-Pixel-Pitch Planar Quantum IR Detectors

Gravrand, O.; Baier, N.; Ferron, A.; Rochette, F.; Berthoz, Jocelyn; Rubaldo, L.; Cluzel, R.

doi:10.1007/s11664-014-3185-3

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Moreover, according to the latest research, this deeply etched design could contribute to an improved modulation transfer function (MTF), an important measure of the ability of a system to distinguish contrast at high spatial frequencies in the image. 18 Figure 2 shows the electric field distribution in InSb focal-plane arrays with the traditional or advanced structure. It can be seen that obvious diffraction appeared when extremely small pixel pitch is considered.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint FDTD-Optical/FEM-Electrical Numerical Simulation of Reflection-Type Subwavelength-Microstructure InSb Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays

et al. 2016

Journal of Elec Materi

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The design of a reflection-type subwavelength microstructure has been numerically investigated to concentrate incident light onto pixels for improved photoresponse of InSb infrared focal-plane arrays. Compared with traditional microlenses placed on top of the detector substrate, this reflection-type microstructure is better suited for extremely small pixel pitches. The structure is simulated using a joint numerical method combining the finite-difference time-domain method based on Maxwell's curl equations and the finite-element method based on the Poisson and continuity equations. The results show that this advanced design could effectively improve device response without sacrificing crosstalk. The optimal structure parameters are obtained theoretically, with response increase of approximately 100%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint FDTD-Optical/FEM-Electrical Numerical Simulation of Reflection-Type Subwavelength-Microstructure InSb Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays

et al. 2016

Journal of Elec Materi

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“…Trenches in mesa structures physically separate pixels by material discontinuity to suppress crosstalk. Deep mesas are required for improved MTF [132] and high quality interface passivation to avoid excessive temporal and spatial noise. For sub-10 μm pitches, the FF is about 75% for typical 1 μm triangular-shaped trenches.…”

Section: Hgcdte Fpasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling infrared detectors—status and outlook

Rogalski

2022

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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The predicted “Law 19” benchmark for HgCdTe photodiode performance established in 2019 is a milestone in the development of infrared detectors and make the dream of Elliott and colleagues, who in 1999 wrote that there is no fundamental obstacle to obtaining room temperature operation of photon detectors at room temperature with background-limited performance even in reduced fields of view [C.T. Elliott et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 2881 (1999)]. This circumstance will make it possible to achieve in the near future the room-temperature infrared (IR) arrays operation with high pixel density (small pixels) fully compatible with the background and diffraction-limited performance resulting from the system optics. The advent of smaller pixels also results in superior spatial and temperature resolutions of imaging systems. In megapixel imaging systems, the pixel dimension plays a crucial role in determining critical system attributes such as system size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). In the paper, the physical limitations of pixel size related to the aperture of the optics, which in turn is wavelength dependent, are described. Since the critical parameter of small pixels is quantum efficiency, more attention has been paid to enhancing the coupling of radiation to the detector. Then, the evaluation for assessing the figure-of-merit of different material systems (especially short wavelength IR colloidal quantum dots, both medium and long wavelength IR novel III-V material systems) relative to bulk HgCdTe alloys is considered. Of the various thermal detectors, particular attention has been focused on bolometer arrays due to their largest share of the global commercial market. Also key challenges in realizing ultimate pixel dimensions in focal plane arrays (FPAs) design are presented for different material systems including dark current, pixel hybridization, pixel delineation, and unit cell readout capacity.

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“…Finally, with the minority carrier concentration, it is possible to compute the photocurrent using the gradient around the diode junction area. 15 Using this method, the MTF can be computed by solving these two equations for different positions of the optical profile. The obtained signal is used to compute the MTF by Fourier transformation.…”

Section: Computationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Characterization of MTF and Spectral Response at Small Pitch on Mercury Cadmium Telluride

Berthoz

Grille

Rubaldo

et al. 2015

Journal of Elec Materi

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Space applications are challenging infrared (IR) technologies, demanding the best system performance achievable. This requires covering the entire IR spectrum from short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) to very long-wavelength infrared (VLWIR) for various pixel sizes, which is possible thanks to a wellmastered mercury cadmium telluride technology. Because of its adjustable gap, it can be operated in all the IR bands. Nevertheless, technology optimization requires deep understanding of physical mechanisms. This paper presents computations by finite-element modeling of two aspects of electrooptical performance: spectral response and modulation transfer function (MTF). Computations and characterizations for all IR bands demonstrate the accuracy of our simulations and the state-of-the-art nature of our technology, which performs according to theory. This paper also highlights the capability to measure MTF at very small pitch (10 lm) by a nondestructive method.

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MTF Issues in Small-Pixel-Pitch Planar Quantum IR Detectors

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Joint FDTD-Optical/FEM-Electrical Numerical Simulation of Reflection-Type Subwavelength-Microstructure InSb Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays

Joint FDTD-Optical/FEM-Electrical Numerical Simulation of Reflection-Type Subwavelength-Microstructure InSb Infrared Focal-Plane Arrays

Scaling infrared detectors—status and outlook

Modeling and Characterization of MTF and Spectral Response at Small Pitch on Mercury Cadmium Telluride

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