The MUC1 tumor-associated antigen is overexpressed in the majority of
human carcinomas and several hematologic malignancies. Much attention has been
paid to the hypoglycosylated VNTR region of the N-terminus of MUC1 as a vaccine
target, and recombinant viral vector vaccines are also being evaluated that
express the entire MUC1 transgene. While previous studies have described MUC1 as
a tumor-associated tissue differentiation antigen, studies have now determined
that the C-terminus of MUC1 (MUC1-C) is an oncoprotein, and its expression is an
indication of poor prognosis in numerous tumor types. We report here the
identification of 9 potential CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of
MUC1: 7 in the C-terminus and 2 in the VNTR region, and have identified enhancer
agonist peptides for each of these epitopes. These epitopes span HLA-A2, A3, and
A24 MHC class I alleles, which encompass the majority of the population. The
agonist peptides, compared to the native peptides, more efficiently (a) generate
T-cell lines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients, (b)
enhance the production of IFN-γ by peptide-activated human T cells, and
(c) lyse human tumor cell targets in an MHC-restricted manner. The agonist
epitopes described here can be incorporated into various vaccine platforms and
for the ex vivo generation of human T cells. These studies provide the rationale
for the T-cell–mediated targeting of the oncogenic C-terminus of MUC1,
which has been shown to be an important factor in both drug resistance and poor
prognosis for numerous tumor types.