Mucosal Delivery of Vaccines: Role of Mucoadhesive/Biodegradable Polymers

Abstract

Majority of infectious microorganism make their gateway to the host through mucosal surfaces, such as gastrointestinal tract, nasal and vaginal tract. Mucosal immune response structured as sIgA can effectively prevent the attachment and invasion of the microorganism from mucosal surface and thereby serves as an efficient tool against infectious disease. There has been an increased demand for the development of novel vaccine that leads to the induction of immune response in systemic circulation as well as at mucosal surfaces against infectious disease. Mucosal delivery of vaccine provides basis for induction of both mucosal as well as systemic immune responses against the infectious organisms. However, a variety of factors such as mucociliary clearance, presence of deteriorating enzymes, pH extremes (GIT), low permeation and metabolic degradation limit the mucosal delivery of vaccine. Numerous strategies have been explored in the meadow of mucosal vaccination for the purpose of efficient antigen delivery through mucosal route(s). Polymeric carrier(s) such as nanoparticles and microparticles loaded with the antigen can serve as the basis for creation of important formulations for improved vaccine. Biodegradable and mucoadhesive polymeric carrier(s) seems to be most promising candidate for mucosal vaccine delivery. Several polymers from natural and synthetic origin, such as polylactide-co-glycolide, chitosan, alginate, carbopol, gelatin etc., have been explored for the efficient mucosal vaccine delivery and significant results have been obtained. This review outlines the polymers used in mucosal vaccine delivery with special reference to mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymers. This article also covers the recent patent granted in the field on polymeric carrier mediated mucosal vaccination.

Characterization of Recombinant PolyG-Specific Lyase from a Marine Bacterium, Streptomyces sp. M3

“…Some bacteria including to genera Azotobacter and Pseudomonas also produce alginate with O-acetylated form on C2 or C3 position, which can provide the roles of colonization on food surface and protection from toxic environment [6,18]. Sodium alginate extracted from brown algae is widely used in food industry and biotechnology [7,20], whereas bacterial alginate is useful for the production of micro-or nanostructures suitable for medical applications [8,19].…”

Preparação de nanopartículas poliméricas a partir da polimerização de monômeros: parte I

“…A polimerização ocorre por nucleação micelar quando o carbanião gerado na fase externa aquosa não é suficientemente solúvel nessa fase, iniciando-se a reação no interior das micelas do tensoativo (4) ou, em alternativa, à superfície destas. Em ambos os casos, a polimerização continua no interior das micelas (6). À medida que ocorre a difusão dos monômeros das gotículas emulsificadas (1) para o interior das micelas (6), o polímero cresce, dando origem a nanosferas (7).…”

“…Em ambos os casos, a polimerização continua no interior das micelas (6). À medida que ocorre a difusão dos monômeros das gotículas emulsificadas (1) para o interior das micelas (6), o polímero cresce, dando origem a nanosferas (7). A polimerização ocorre por nucleação homogênea quando o carbânio gerado na fase externa aquosa é suficientemente solúvel nessa fase.…”

“…As nanosferas não contêm óleo na sua formulação, mas são formadas por uma matriz polimérica, onde o fármaco pode ficar retido ou adsorvido [4] . As nanopartículas poliméricas são empregadas como veículos de fármacos [5] , proteínas e antigênios [6] para administração injetável [7] , oral [8] , tópico [9] , sistemas bioadesivos, e como o principal componente de sistemas de liberação controlada na forma de implantes [10] . Os polímeros biodegradáveis empregados na produção de nanopartículas poliméricas por polimerização de monômeros são copolímeros do ácido metacrílico e de éster acrílico ou metacrílico [11] .…”

Oral immunization of mice with Omp31-loaded <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles induces high protection against <em>Brucella melitensis</em> infection

“…These properties make TMC NPs a promising delivery system for immunization. [22][23][24] The aim of this study was to examine the immunogenicity property of Omp31 alone and with TMC NPs and Freund's adjuvant and to investigate the administration route influence on the type of immune response. …”