Mucosal immunity in health care workers’ respiratory tracts in the post-COVID-19 period

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has generated interest in the assessment of systemic immune status, but existing knowledge about mucosal immunity is clearly insufficient to understand the full pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of novel coronavirus infection on mucosal immunity in the postinfection period among health care workers (HCWs). A total of 180 health care workers with and without a history of COVID-19 who ranged in age from 18 to 65 years were enrolled in this one-stage, cross-sectional study. The study subjects completed the 36-Item Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36) and the Fatigue Assessment Scale. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and total immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were quantified in saliva samples, induced sputum samples, and nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal scrapings by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were quantified in serum samples by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Analysis of the questionnaire data showed that all HCWs with a history of COVID-19 reported health problems that limited their daily activities and negative changes in their emotional health three months after the disease, regardless of its severity. The following shifts were detected in the adaptive arm of the immune response in different mucosal compartments. Among subjects who had severe or moderate-to-severe COVID-19, salivary sIgA levels were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively). Compared to the subjects in the control group, all subjects with prior COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of total IgG in induced sputum. In the group of patients who had had severe infection, total IgG in saliva was also higher (p < 0.05). A direct statistically significant correlation was also detected between the levels of total IgG in all studied samples and the levels of specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the serum. A significant correlation was observed between total IgG levels and the parameters of physical and social activities, mental health, and fatigue levels. Our study demonstrated long-term changes in the humoral mucosal immune response, which were most pronounced in health care workers with a history of severe or moderate-to-severe COVID-19, and an association of these changes with certain clinical signs of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity

“…IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood and is involved in the systemic immune response. IgG can also be found in type I mucosae, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; specific IgG is increased in response to local infections or vaccination [ 154 , 156 , 175 , 176 , 177 ]. IgA is mostly found in type I mucosae like the upper respiratory tract, whereas the IgG is the predominant protective isotype in type II mucosae, such as corneal, oral, esophageal, lower respiratory tract, and lower female reproductive tracts, due to the expression of FcRn but not pIgR [ 175 ].…”

“…IgA is mostly found in type I mucosae like the upper respiratory tract, whereas the IgG is the predominant protective isotype in type II mucosae, such as corneal, oral, esophageal, lower respiratory tract, and lower female reproductive tracts, due to the expression of FcRn but not pIgR [ 175 ]. The production of IgG in mucosal immune responses is regulated by a complex interplay between local immune cells and the systemic immune system [ 176 ]. B-cells in mucosal tissues can be activated by APCs.…”