Abstract:Приведены данные о взаимосвязи между грязевыми вулканами Керченского полуострова и землетрясениями. Установлено влияние землетрясений на состояние грязевых вулканов, соотношения основных компонентов сопочных газов, дебит сопочных вод и объем изверженной сопочной брекчии. Выявлено коррелятивную связь между изменением концентрации углекислого газа и гелия с землетрясениями. Ключевые слова: грязевые вулканы; сопочные газы; землетрясения; Керченский полуостров.
“…High reservoir pressure can provide oil enhancement and is generally favorable for production, but it is fraught with blowout emergency risks and the ensuing mitigation costs (Akhmetov, 2007; Khakzad et al., 2014; Melik-Pashaev et al, 1983). Overpressure can release naturally in mud volcanism in provinces of abundant emission of hydrocarbon gases, mainly methane (Aliev et al, 2009; Babayev et al., 2014; Chilingar et al., 2002; Kopf, 2002, 2003; Levorsen, 1967; Planke et al., 2003; Shnyukov et al., 2005; Svensen et al., 2003; Svensen et al., 2004). Large eruptions of mud volcanoes in some territories (Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, Caspian and Azov Seas, Burma, and Trinidad) are likewise often attendant with spontaneous ignition of methane gushers and fires.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The life span of fires is inversely proportional to the flare size (Figure 1): great flares, up to 400 m high, decay in half an hour, while large ones from 50 m to 150 m can burn for hours. Ignition maintained for months or even years was reported only for small flares of gas venting through systems of connected fractures (Aliev et al., 2009; Bagirov and Lerche, 1998; Bagirov et al., 1996; Kovalevsky, 1940; Lerche and Bagirov, 1999; Rakhmanov, 1987; Shnyukov et al., 2005). Figure 1.Size of methane flare versus its life span observed in fire eruptions of mud volcanoes after Aliev et al.…”
A gusher from accident well 37 at the Tengiz oilfield (Kazakhstan) led to a catastrophic fire and produced melt combustion metamorphic rocks in its thermal halo (aureole). According to the obtained data on the mineralogy and petrology of the combustion metamorphic rocks and inferred thermal conditions of metamorphism, the protolith sand and clay can become fully molten at a temperature no lower than 1200 C. Four models have been tested for the thermal effect of the Tengiz fire on the country rocks: (a) a single straight-flow vertical gas flare, (b) a single vertical gas flare with oil droplets, (c) a single oil-gas flare with lateral wind load, and (d) a composite oil-gas flare consisting of one vertical and two horizontal spouts. Modeling with SigmaFlow software takes into account the spatial turbulent airflow mechanics of the flare, convective, and radiative heat transfer, burning of gas and oil droplets, as well as conductive heat flux in soil. Model 4 simulates the best the Tengiz fire in the period from 26 June 1985 to 05 September 1986. As the model predicts, a flare with the parameters as in the Tengiz case can cause partial melting of sedimentary material (1100 C) in a local zone but cannot maintain its bulk melting which requires higher temperatures (1200-1400 C). Additional heat may have come from ignition of oil spilled over the surface. The heat from a single oil-gas flare from a wellhead with a 0.5-m stickup turns out to be insufficient for combustion metamorphism (T ¼ 1000-1400 C).
“…High reservoir pressure can provide oil enhancement and is generally favorable for production, but it is fraught with blowout emergency risks and the ensuing mitigation costs (Akhmetov, 2007; Khakzad et al., 2014; Melik-Pashaev et al, 1983). Overpressure can release naturally in mud volcanism in provinces of abundant emission of hydrocarbon gases, mainly methane (Aliev et al, 2009; Babayev et al., 2014; Chilingar et al., 2002; Kopf, 2002, 2003; Levorsen, 1967; Planke et al., 2003; Shnyukov et al., 2005; Svensen et al., 2003; Svensen et al., 2004). Large eruptions of mud volcanoes in some territories (Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, Caspian and Azov Seas, Burma, and Trinidad) are likewise often attendant with spontaneous ignition of methane gushers and fires.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The life span of fires is inversely proportional to the flare size (Figure 1): great flares, up to 400 m high, decay in half an hour, while large ones from 50 m to 150 m can burn for hours. Ignition maintained for months or even years was reported only for small flares of gas venting through systems of connected fractures (Aliev et al., 2009; Bagirov and Lerche, 1998; Bagirov et al., 1996; Kovalevsky, 1940; Lerche and Bagirov, 1999; Rakhmanov, 1987; Shnyukov et al., 2005). Figure 1.Size of methane flare versus its life span observed in fire eruptions of mud volcanoes after Aliev et al.…”
A gusher from accident well 37 at the Tengiz oilfield (Kazakhstan) led to a catastrophic fire and produced melt combustion metamorphic rocks in its thermal halo (aureole). According to the obtained data on the mineralogy and petrology of the combustion metamorphic rocks and inferred thermal conditions of metamorphism, the protolith sand and clay can become fully molten at a temperature no lower than 1200 C. Four models have been tested for the thermal effect of the Tengiz fire on the country rocks: (a) a single straight-flow vertical gas flare, (b) a single vertical gas flare with oil droplets, (c) a single oil-gas flare with lateral wind load, and (d) a composite oil-gas flare consisting of one vertical and two horizontal spouts. Modeling with SigmaFlow software takes into account the spatial turbulent airflow mechanics of the flare, convective, and radiative heat transfer, burning of gas and oil droplets, as well as conductive heat flux in soil. Model 4 simulates the best the Tengiz fire in the period from 26 June 1985 to 05 September 1986. As the model predicts, a flare with the parameters as in the Tengiz case can cause partial melting of sedimentary material (1100 C) in a local zone but cannot maintain its bulk melting which requires higher temperatures (1200-1400 C). Additional heat may have come from ignition of oil spilled over the surface. The heat from a single oil-gas flare from a wellhead with a 0.5-m stickup turns out to be insufficient for combustion metamorphism (T ¼ 1000-1400 C).
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