Mujeres y cooperativismo en Cuba hoy. Un estudio de redes sociales

Abstract

Resumen:La creación de las Cooperativas No Agropecuarias (CNA) en Cuba está promoviendo cambios en su estructura social. Tanto mujeres como hombres se han incorporado a este nuevo espacio de oportunidades laborales, de manera que resulta pertinente analizar las ventajas y los retos que esto plantea para los cooperativistas, en especial para las mujeres, respecto a su inserción laboral y social. Para la presente investigación se utilizó un diseño mixto que incluyó la aplicación de un cuestionario sobre redes sociales y entrevistas individuales en profundidad. La muestra quedó compuesta por 76 cooperativistas no agropecuarios/as pertenecientes a cinco CNA del occidente del país. Las conclusiones muestran que se refuerzan las distancias sociales al coincidir posiciones menos favorables para las mujeres en las CNA y en otros espacios de la vida cotidiana. Abstract:The creation of Non-Agricultural Cooperatives (CNA) in Cuba is promoting changes in its social structure. Women and men have joined this new space of job opportunities. It is pertinent to analyze the advantages and challenges that this poses for the cooperative members, especially for women, regarding their labor and social insertion. For this paper, a mixed design was used, which included the application of social networks questionnaire and in-depth individual interviews. The sample was composed of 76 non-agricultural cooperatives belonging to five CNA from the west of the country. It is conclude than social distances are reinforced, as less favorable positions coincide for women in the CNA and in other areas of daily life. IntroducciónA partir del proceso de actualización del modelo económico cubano iniciado en el 2011, el movimiento cooperativo está llamado a ejercer un rol protagónico. Hasta ese año, el cooperativismo en Cuba se desenvolvía únicamente en el sector agropecuario; sin embargo, a raíz de las trasformaciones que están teniendo lugar, dicho movimiento se amplía con carácter experimental a otros sectores de la producción y los servicios. De esta manera, se establece que: se crearán las cooperativas de primer grado como una forma socialista de propiedad colectiva, en diferentes sectores, las que constituyen una organización económica con

Care cooperatives in Uruguay, Argentina and Chile; a look at their hinderers and opportunities to achieve development

“…In the literature review, four central topics were identified as guiding the exploration of the hinderers and facilitators of care cooperatives in the interviews: gender differences in access to care-related jobs (FUNDACIÓN MUJERES, 2011; de Arce, 2017;Caballero, 2018), the characteristics of the labor market and the levels of informality in each context (ILO, 2018;Berniell et al, 2021), and the concept of "decent work" used as horizon in the development of care cooperatives in relation with the political and economic context of each country (ILO, 2015;Matthew & Bransburg, 2017;Matthew, 2017Flanders, 2014Nembhard, 2014;Poo & Conrad, 2015;Savitch-Lew, 2015;Montero Vargas et al, 2020).…”

“…The percentages of involvement in management bodies, representation, and positions played by men and women inside cooperatives nevertheless differ significantly from one another. According to several studies, these environments exhibit smaller gender inequalities than other work contexts (FUNDACIÓN MUJERES, 2011; de Arce, 2017;Caballero, 2018). According to Crompton & Sanderson (1990), women's involvement in cooperatives follows a similar pattern depending on the kinds of activities they engage in.…”

“…Source: constructed by the author, based on the data collected Given the historical context wherein women have been predominantly responsible for caregiving, often stemming from entrenched patriarchal norms that perpetuate this pattern (Miranda, Inostroza, & Yáñez, 2021), it becomes pertinent to assert that collectivized initiatives aimed at care work can indeed yield advantages for working mothers (Ribas et al, 2022;Flanders, 2014;Nembhard, 2014). These advantages encompass aspects such as enhanced employment opportunities, the establishment of robust networks, and the amplification of women's influence in socioeconomic decision-making processes (FUNDACIÓN MUJERES, 2011; de Arce, 2017;Caballero, 2018). Therefore, the citations documented in Table 1 underscore a significant point: while care obligations may have traditionally been culturally enforced upon women, care cooperatives serve as mechanisms to transform these responsibilities into sources of economic independence.…”