First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Kate Birney, who helped me find the wonderful communities of the Classics and Archaeology departments at Wesleyan. Your guidance and mentorship have been a staple of my Wesleyan experience since long before you became my advisor. Thank you for your patience with me and faith in this project through all of its twists and turns.Thanks to Caitlin and Eleanor for the countless hours of zoom calls, advice, and support. I would not have made it through this process without you.To Helen, for your advice, encouragement, and friendship, and for the breaks that were just as productive as the work sessions.To my siblings Sol and Sasha, for always picking up the phone when I call and helping me take a break when I needed one.And last but most certainly not least, thank you to my parents for your patience, love, and encouragement. Everything that you have given me has been a formative part of this accomplishment. Thank you so much.Chapter Two: Wound Types…………………………………………………25 Bioarchaeology 25 Weapon Types and Material Culture 31 Textual Sources 49 Chapter Three: Wound Treatments…………………………………………63 Flesh Wound Treatments 63 Head Wound Treatments 76 Skeletal Wound Treatments 87 Chapter Four: Discussion and Conclusion.………………………………. 97 Understanding Infection 98 The Unique Treatment of Head Wounds 107 Case Study: Revisiting a 3 rd Century Trepanation from Messina 113 Conclusion 117 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….119 v vi Glossary Aspis (ἄσπις): Large, round shield traditionally used by Hoplite warriors. Belos (βέλος): A weapon, but particularly a missile such as a sling stone or arrow. Dory (δόρυ): Spear Kopis (κόπις): Plural-kopides; Curved hacking sword of the 5 th century, also known as a Makhaira Sauroter (σαυρωτήρ): The metal spike at the butt-end of a Hoplite spear. Xiphos (ξίφος): Greek straight-edged cut-and-thrust sword. Hedra (ἥδρα): A class of head wound caused by a weapon; A cleft or "dinted" fracture. Pharmaka (φάρμακα): Plural of Pharmakon, refers to drugs and medicinal herbs. Trypanon (τρύπανον): Standard drill bit used for trepanation. Prion (πρίων): Hollow drill bit used for trepanation. Mele (μήλη): Rasp used for scraping trepanation and wound inspection.