Müllerian anomalies “without a classification”: from the didelphys-unicollis uterus to the bicervical uterus with or without septate vagina

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in the endometrium of septate uterus

“…Uterine malformations are a heterogeneous group of congenital anomalies that result from the lack of development, or anomalous or incomplete fusion, of the paramesonephric or m€ ullerian ducts (1,2). Although the true incidence of these congenital anomalies is unknown, several pieces of evidence indicate that they are not an uncommon clinical problem for the obstetrician/gynecologist (3,4).…”

“…Gynecologic problems associated with uterine congenital anomalies are primary infertility, endometriosis, and urinary tract anomalies (1)(2)(3)(4). The reproductive performance of these uterine anomalies is still the subject of controversy (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

An unusual case of septate uterus with double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum simulating uterus didelphys

“…1 A rare variant of the septate uterus, as combined with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum, has been anecdotally reported. 2,3 The unidirectional caudal to a cephalic fusion of the Müllerian ducts is incompatible with the presence of two cervices and a single unified uterine fundus and reinforces the alternative bidirectional theory. 4,5 We report the case of a woman with this rare anomaly.…”

Early Diagnosis of Congenital Uterine Anomalies: Is the Three Dimensional Ultrasound Approach the Suitable Choice? 3D in Uterine Anomalies

“…3D is becoming an increasingly feasible way of evaluating the assessment of Mullerian uterine anomalies, and it has been considered a helpful tool in association to 2D imaging for CUA evaluation [17]. Particularly, 3D procedure allows easier visualization with a detailed reconstruction of any pelvic structure plane.…”