In this paper we bring together two Operations Research techniques, Cutting and Packing Optimisation (CPO) and Simulation, and present a multi-methodology approach for analysing the trade-offs between loading efficiency and various important practical considerations in relation to the cargo -such as its stability, fragility, or possible cross-contamination between different types of items over time. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by considering a situation where the items to be loaded have differing degrees of perishability and where badly deteriorated items can affect those in their immediate vicinity (e.g. through the spread of mould). Our approach uses the output of the CPO algorithms to create agents that simulate the spread of mould through proximity-based interactions between the agents. The results show the trade-offs involved in container utilisation and the propagation of mould, without evidence of any correlation between them. The contribution of this research is the methodology and the feasibility study.
KEYWORDS: SIMULATION, OPTIMISATION, METHODOLOGY, TRANSPORT
INTRODUCTIONThe efficient loading of cargo into freight containers -and, more generally, the proficient packing of smaller items into larger objects -has been a subject of intensive research for at least thirty years. George and Robinson (1980) were among the first to propose an algorithm for constructing a container loading plan. Their approach was heuristic in nature and based on the idea of building a series of 'walls' of items across the width and height of the container. Since then numerous different approaches have been developed for both the knapsack version of the problem -where the space available is fixed and loading all the cargo may not be possible -and, to a lesser extent, its bin-packing form -where all of the cargo involved must be stowed and a cost-effective way of using a set of containers is sought. In this paper the term Container Loading Algorithms (CLAs) is used to describe any approach which is designed to produce container loading plans.CLAs are commonly used for a wide variety of container loading problems, for example, loading of cargo that consists of either identical items (completely homogenous cargo) or cargo consisting of a large number of different types of items relative to the total number of items (strongly heterogeneous cargo) or cargo comprising of a relatively few different types of items relative to the total number of items (weakly , 1995). There are several studies that have proposed algorithmbased approaches aimed at homogeneous cargo (Han et al, 1989; George, 1992), strongly heterogeneous cargo (Gehring et al, 1990) and weakly heterogeneous cargo (George and Robinson, 1980;Morabito and Arenales, 1994;Ngoi et al, 1994).The majority of these studies have focused on a particular category of combinatorial optimisation problem -the knapsack problem -wherein the only parameters that are known/used are the dimensions of the cargo and the container and some measure of value associa...