Multi-analytical characterizations of prehistoric rock art pigments from Karim Cave, Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat site, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi

“…With more than 300 cave/shelter sites in the region known to preserve this Pleistocene style parietal art 8 , 11 , it is clear that the Maros-Pangkep assemblage rivals the celebrated ‘ice age’ cave art of western Europe, where scholars had until recently thought the oldest cave art traditions first emerged. We contend that climate-catalysed salt efflorescence (i.e., haloclasty or salt crystallisation) is responsible for the exfoliation of the older, case-hardened limestone surfaces of Maros-Pangkep’s cave/shelter sites, a process that is widespread throughout older karst cave surfaces in the broader Indonesian region 12 – 15 . Moreover, the exfoliation process, which destroys the rock surfaces or “canvases” on which the Late Pleistocene art was created, appears to have worsened in Maros-Pangkep in recent decades—a trend we believe is set to accelerate with warming ambient temperatures and increasingly frequent/severe El Niño events 16 .…”

Investigation of Deterioration for Large Outdoor Iron Statues Relics: A Case Research of Chairman MAO Iron Statue in Qinghai, China

“…Therefore, by investigating the occurrence environment, includ gional rainfall, humidity, dust, salt, and other pollutants, it is possible to obtain influencing factors in the outdoor environment that may cause or accelerate the ox of iron cultural relics, or accelerate the aging, which can provide the research back for the cause analysis of the statue corrosion. This paper aims to use the multi-analysis method [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] to scientifically analyze, detect, and characterize the statue body and the occurrence environment, etc., as the basis for the analysis of the disease cause of the statue by rusting and to design the later restoration and protection plan.…”

“…Through the on-site cultural relics investigation, it was discovered that the statue is located in the courtyard of Shanchuan Community, Chaoyang West Road, Chengbei District, Xining City, Qinghai Province, and the statue is preserved in the outdoor natural environment (Location map of Chairman MAO Statue as shown in Figure 1). The entire This paper aims to use the multi-analysis method [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] to scientifically analy tect, and characterize the statue body and the occurrence environment, etc., as th for the analysis of the disease cause of the statue by rusting and to design the late ration and protection plan.…”

Thermally-induced color transformation of hematite: insight into the prehistoric natural pigment preparation

“…Ochre contained clay and silica with various types of iron minerals. These types of iron minerals in ochres produce a range of colors, from yellow, α-FeOOH—goethite ( Longa-Avello et al., 2017 ; Mondragón et al., 2019 ; Salomon et al., 2012 ), brown, -Fe 2 O 3 —maghemite ( Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003 ), red, α-Fe 2 O 3 —hematite, and purple, α-Fe 2 O 3 —hematite or KFe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 —jarosite ( Hunt et al., 2016 ; Huntley et al., 2015 ; Ilmi et al., 2020 ; Kurniawan et al., 2019 ; Nurdini et al., 2020 ). In addition, other colors in rock art images, such as black, contain manganese oxide or charcoal ( McPeak et al., 2013 ; Chalmin et al., 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ), while white contains Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 ·2H 2 O—kaolinite, Mg 3 Ca(CO 3 ) 4 —huntite ( Huntley et al., 2014 ), CaSO 4 .2H 2 O—gypsum or CaCO 3 —calcite ( Ilmi et al., 2021a ).…”