Multi-cationic molten salt electrolyte of high-performance sodium liquid metal battery for grid storage

Ding, Wenjin; Gong, Qing; Liang, Shengzhi; Hoffmann, Ralf; Zhou, Hao; Li, Haomiao; Wang, Kangli; Zhang, Tianru; Weisenburger, A.; Müller, Georg; Bonk, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232254

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A LiCl-NaCl-KCl molten salt electrolyte from Zhou et al exhibited a melting point of ~400 °C and a Na + conductivity of 65 mS cm −1 at 450 °C, and was used as the electrolyte in a Na|LiCl-NaCl-KCl|Bi x Sb cell cycled 700 times (Zhou et al, 2022). Phase diagrams and exchange reaction equilibria constants for the ternary system were also modeled by the same group (Ding et al, 2023). Another ternary system using iodide salts, LiI-NaI-KI, with a melting point of ~290 °C was demonstrated by Gong et al and estimated to have a Na + conductivity of 28 mS cm −1 above 350 °C (Gong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Molten Salt Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molten sodium batteries: advances in chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces

Hill,

Gross,

Percival

et al. 2024

Front. Batter. Electrochem.

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The need for clean, renewable energy has driven the expansion of renewable energy generators, such as wind and solar. However, to achieve a robust and responsive electrical grid based on such inherently intermittent renewable energy sources, grid-scale energy storage is essential. The unmet need for this critical component has motivated extensive grid-scale battery research, especially exploring chemistries “beyond Li-ion”. Among others, molten sodium (Na) batteries, which date back to the 1960s with Na-S, have seen a strong revival, owing mostly to raw material abundance and the excellent electrochemical properties of Na metal. Recently, many groups have demonstrated important advances in battery chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces to lower material and operating costs, enhance cyclability, and understand key mechanisms that drive failure in molten Na batteries. For widespread implementation of molten Na batteries, though, further optimization, cost reduction, and mechanistic insight is necessary. In this light, this work provides a brief history of mature molten Na technologies, a comprehensive review of recent progress, and explores possibilities for future advancements.

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Section: Molten Salt Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molten sodium batteries: advances in chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces

Hill,

Gross,

Percival

et al. 2024

Front. Batter. Electrochem.

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“…In the discharge process, liquid metal A is oxidized to A n + , which is subsequently transferred to the positive electrode through the molten salt electrolyte and then alloys with liquid metal B. Inversely, A (in B) is oxidized to A n + , and the A n + is reduced back to A at the negative electrode in the charging process. Because of the low-cost materials and the amorphous liquidity of electrodes and electrolytes, LMBs have the inherent advantage of low cost, simple fabrication, and unprecedented cycle life. ,, In recent years, researchers have reported extensively on liquid metal battery material systems, such as lithium-based LMBs, sodium-based LMBs, and calcium-based LMBs, and have achieved fruitful results. − Among them, lithium LMBs have received much attention due to their excellent electrochemical performance. Wang et al first proposed the Sb-Pb alloy as the positive electrode for LMB; the reported Li||Sb-Pb system operated at 450 °C, exhibiting excellent cyclic performance (a capacity retention of 85% after 1800 h cycling) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Transition Layer Design Based on Ti Additive Enabling High-Performance Liquid Metal Batteries

Yan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Liquid metal batteries (LMBs), with the merits of long lifespan and low cost, are deemed as one of the most promising energy storage technologies for large-scale energy storage applications due to the use of liquid metal electrodes and molten salt electrolytes. However, the consequent problem is that the poor wettability between graphite-based collectors and the liquid metal/alloy electrodes leads to large contact resistance, which limits the efficiency and stability of the battery. In this work, a transition layer in situ formed on a graphite-based positive electrode current collector by Ti additive is designed for the first time, which increases the wettability between the positive alloy and the current collector and improves the voltage efficiency of the Li||Sb-Sn cell from 85.6 to 88.4%. These results provide new ideas for the design of high-efficiency LMBs.

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“…Due to the fluidity of the liquid/liquid interface and the structure without a diaphragm, the LMB has the unique advantages of low-cost, long-lifetime, and easy amplification, which can meet the requirements of large-scale energy storage. So far, various systems of LMBs have been proposed, such as Mg-based LMBs, , Li-based LMBs, − , Na-based LMBs, , and Ca-based LMBs. − Among them, Li-based LMBs have received much attention due to their satisfactory electrochemical performance. However, the low discharge voltage of LMBs (<1 V) limits the energy density of batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel High-Voltage Zn-Based Electrode Based on Displacement Reaction for Liquid Metal Batteries

Yan

Fan

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Although liquid metal batteries (LMBs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in sustainable energy storage, their practical applications are limited by a low working voltage. A novel Zn-based positive electrode utilizing displacement reaction is presented herein to enhance the voltage of LMBs. The compatibility between LiCl–KCl and Zn was investigated, revealing that a complete displacement reaction would reduce the active components of the battery. By adding a small amount of Bi to Zn, both the stability and cycling performance of batteries can be improved. Specifically, the Li||LiCl–KCl||Bi3Zn7 battery exhibits a high discharge voltage of 0.93 V at 100 mA cm–2 and achieves an energy density of 202.04 Wh kg–1, which has a lower material cost of 50.29 $ kW h–1. These interesting results provide new ideas for the design of new system LMBs.

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Multi-cationic molten salt electrolyte of high-performance sodium liquid metal battery for grid storage

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Molten sodium batteries: advances in chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces

Molten sodium batteries: advances in chemistries, electrolytes, and interfaces

In Situ Transition Layer Design Based on Ti Additive Enabling High-Performance Liquid Metal Batteries

Novel High-Voltage Zn-Based Electrode Based on Displacement Reaction for Liquid Metal Batteries

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