Multi-Channel SPAD Chip for Silicon Photonics With Multi-Photon CoIncidence Detection

Incoronato, Alfonso; Severini, Fabio; Villa, Federica; Zappa, Franco

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2021.3134071

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Finally, a peculiar architecture has been recently proposed by Incoronato [27]. It is a 32 × 1 array, designed for a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) system on-chip.…”

Section: Linear Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

et al. 2022

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The ability to detect single photons is becoming an enabling key capability in an increasing number of fields. Indeed, its scope is not limited to applications that specifically rely on single photons, such as quantum imaging, but extends to applications where a low signal is overwhelmed by background light, such as laser ranging, or in which faint excitation light is required not to damage the sample or harm the patient. In the last decades, SPADs gained popularity with respect to other single-photon detectors thanks to their small size, possibility to be integrated in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processes, room temperature operability, low power supply and, above all, the possibility to be fast gated (to time filter the incoming signal) and to precisely timestamp the detected photons. The development of large digital arrays that integrates the detectors and circuits has allowed the implementation of complex functionality on-chip, tailoring the detectors to suit the need of specific applications. This review proposes a complete overview of silicon SPADs characteristics and applications. In the previous Part I, starting with the working principle, simulation models and required frontend, the paper moves to the most common parameters adopted in literature for characterizing SPAD performance and describes single pixels applications and their performance. In this Part II, the focus is posed on the development of SPAD arrays, presenting some of the most notable examples found in literature. The actual exploitation of these designs in real applications (e.g., automotive, bioimaging and radiation detectors) is then discussed.

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“…Finally, a peculiar architecture has been recently proposed by Incoronato [27]. It is a 32 × 1 array, designed for a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) system on-chip.…”

Section: Linear Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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“…time-correlated quantum imaging [11][12][13][14], long-distance free-space quantum communication [15], quantum key distribution [16], indoor light fidelity (LiFi) [17], Raman spectroscopy [18,19], and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [20,21]. More recently, SPAD devices with low breakdown voltage have been developed for consumer products where low power consumption is crucial [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a Sub-20V Breakdown Voltage SPAD With Standard CMOS Technology and n/p-well Structure

Wu,

Liu

2024

IEEE Photonics J.

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We have proposed a structural design for a single photon avalanche diode with a low breakdown voltage. This diode is fabricated using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 µm HV CMOS technology, and it can maintain a high operating excess voltage in an n-on-p design without requiring any additional customized well layers. The n-on-p type device is particularly advantageous for a 3D-stacked backside illuminated structure and offers excellent photon detection capabilities at longer wavelengths. By incorporating a high doping concentration PDD well layer, we can significantly increase the excess bias, resulting in enhanced photon detection probability in the near-infrared wavelength range, all while maintaining a lower voltage due to a reduction in breakdown voltage. This design also leads to power consumption savings. As a result, our designed device is well-suited for consumer applications such as 3D image rendering and Lidar technology.

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“…Beginning with academic research purposes in astrophysics [20], Adaptive Optics [21] and Fluorescent Imaging [22], during the years, the implementation on-chip of smart SPC and TCSPC increased the commercial and industrial appeal of such detectors, raising the interest of many big players (e.g., STMicroelctronics, Toyota, Sony, Samsung, Apple) in mobile/ consumer electronics. Nowadays, several fields of applications are covered, spanning from biophotonics [23], Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) [24] and 3-D optical ranging applications [25], to quantum information technologies [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of art and Research Trends of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes and Their Applications (Part 1: Single Pixels)

et al. 2022

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The ability to detect single photons is becoming an enabling key capability in an increasing number of fields. Indeed, its scope is not limited to applications that specifically rely on single photons, such as quantum imaging, but extends to applications where a low signal is overwhelmed by background light, such as laser ranging, or in which faint excitation light is required not to damage the sample or harm the patient. In the last decades, SPADs gained popularity with respect to other single-photon detectors thanks to their small size, possibility to be integrated in Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor processes, room temperature operability, low power supply and, above all, the possibility to be fast gated (to time filter the incoming signal) and to precisely timestamp the detected photons. The development of large digital arrays that integrates the detectors and circuits has allowed the implementation of complex functionality on-chip, tailoring the detectors to suit the need of specific applications. This review proposes a complete overview of silicon SPADs characteristics and applications. In this Part I, starting with the working principle, simulation models and required frontend, the paper moves to the most common parameters adopted in literature for characterizing SPADs, and describes single pixels applications and their performance. In the next Part II, the focus is then posed on the development of SPAD arrays, presenting some of the most notable examples found in literature. The actual exploitation of these designs in real applications (e.g., automotive, bioimaging and radiation detectors) is then discussed.

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Multi-Channel SPAD Chip for Silicon Photonics With Multi-Photon CoIncidence Detection

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

Designing a Sub-20V Breakdown Voltage SPAD With Standard CMOS Technology and n/p-well Structure

Historical Perspectives, State of art and Research Trends of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes and Their Applications (Part 1: Single Pixels)

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