Multi-day diurnal measurements of Ti-containing nanoparticle and organic sunscreen chemical release during recreational use of a natural surface water

Abstract

A recreational water system was monitored for release of both mineral and organic sunscreen constituents for the first time.

Assessing Sunscreen Lifecycle to Minimize Environmental Risk Posed by Nanoparticulate UV-Filters – A Review for Safer-by-Design Products

“…3 (53.6-577.5 ng/L), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (51.4-113.4 ng/L), Ti (6.9-37.6 µg/L) (assumed related to TiO 2 ), and Zn (1.0-3.3 µg/L) (assumed related to ZnO) were detected with variable concentrations along the day and mainly concentrated in the surface microlayer (Tovar-Sanchez et al, 2013). In freshwater from Colorado, oxybenzone and TiO 2 were also detected together during recreation time (Reed et al, 2017). However, a lack of knowledge remains regarding the respective environmental fate and persistence of these two types of UV-filters, which may be contrasted.…”

“…Al and Si are not good candidates for this purpose as they are abundant in both natural systems and in the coating of mineral UV-filters. Fe, V or rare earths elements (Ga, Y, Nb, Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ta) have been proposed as proxies for geogenic materials (Gondikas et al, 2014(Gondikas et al, , 2018Reed et al, 2017;Labille et al, 2020).…”

“…Consequently, they may be found together in the aquatic environment. The co-evolution of organic and mineral UV-filters has been measured in waters impacted by recreational areas with time-dependent concentrations (Tovar-Sanchez et al, 2013;Reed et al, 2017). For example, in nearshore waters of the Mediterranean coast, benzophenone FIGURE 4 | TiO 2 and ZnO concentrations calculated from Ti and Zn elements measurements in marine beach water on the French Mediterranean Coast (La Lave Beach, Marseille), at different distances from the shore line, respectively 2 and 50 m in the bathing zone, and 200 m beyond the bathing zone.…”

Occurrence and Origins of Cerium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Loire River (France) by Single Particle ICP-MS and FEG-SEM Imaging

“…These values are in the same order of magnitude than the ones determined by Lee et al (2014) where the minimum equivalent sizes for sphere detected in a river water sample were estimated at 33 nm and at 186 nm, for CeO 2 and TiO 2 , respectively. The instrument settings and 48 Ca-48 Ti interference, that prevent using the most abundant Ti isotope, are responsible for the high minimum equivalent size for sphere values and also for the shape of the diagram determined by spICPMS (Gondikas et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2014;Reed et al, 2017). The long tail observed for size distributions is also due to the occurrence of larger particles in the samples, as seen in the study of Reed et al (2012) where the authors analyzed polydispersed samples by spICPMS.…”

“…The fate of several ENPs was also studied during the drinking water treatment process, showing that ENPs were detected and quickly removed after the first water treatment step (Donovan et al, 2016a,b). To our knowledge, the studies conducted by Gondikas et al (2014) revealing the release of TiO 2 NPs from sunscreens in the Old Danube Lake during 1 year of sampling, in the Meuse and Ijssel rivers (Peters et al, 2018) and the one conducted by Reed et al (2017), revealing elevated Ti-containing particles during bathing hours in a stream used for recreation are the only ones applying the spICPMS technique for TiO 2 NPs evidences in a natural matrix at relevant environmental concentrations. While this study efficiently assessed the temporal variation of TiO 2 NPs concentration at one single point, no spatial investigation of the ENPs dynamics was performed.…”