Multi-element characterization of tobacco smoke condensate

Kriváň, V.; Schneider, Germar; Baumann, Heinrich; Reus, U.

doi:10.1007/bf00325364

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The mean amount of Cd absorption by smoking for smokers in Japan 0.89-1.78 μg/day [18] calculated without due consideration for differences among smoking amounts according to gender and age was greater than the values in Table 6 with due consideration for the differences. These differences are derived from the difference between (i) the mean number of cigarettes smoked in one day 26.6 cigarettes/day [20] calculated from the percentages of smokers by gender and age and (ii) smoking amounts by gender and age (Table 4).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The amounts of Cd in the main stream cigarette smoke in one cigarette were reported to be 0.15 μg/cigarette 12) , 0.5-1.12 μg/ cigarette 13) , 0.02-0.10 μg/cigarette 15) , 0.10-0.12 μg/cigarette 16) , 0.075 μg/cigarette 17) , 0.05-0.07 μg/cigarette 18) , and 0-6.67 μg/ cigarette 19) .…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] The above values are based on the assumption that the numbers of cigarettes smoked do not vary by gender and age. With due consideration for differences among the numbers of cigarettes smoked by smokers according to gender and age, the mean amounts of Cd absorbed from smoking cigarettes in one day for the smokers by gender and age group b ks 's were obtained from [18], [20], and Table 4 using equation [7], and the obtained values are shown in Table 6. …”

Section: Amount Of CD Absorbed From Smoking Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Sugita

Izuno

Tatemichi

et al. 2001

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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Consumed substances, including food, drink, and tobacco, produced in the environment are exposure sources of Cd. The object of the present study was to estimate Cd exposure and absorption amount from smoking cigarettes, one exposure source of Cd, using recent findings from Japan. The market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries has increased in Japan, the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries has increased in cigarettes produced in Japan, and the percentage of smokers in Japan has changed. Therefore, obtaining the absorption value of Cd from smoking cigarettes using recent findings from Japan is significant.We collected information on (1) the concentrations of Cd in tobacco leaves by country of harvest and in cigarettes by country of production, (2) the concentrations of Cd in cigarette smoke, (3) the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan, (4) the absorption rate of Cd in the airways for cigarette smoke, (5) the smoking rate by gender, age, and year in Japan, (6) the number of cigarettes sold in Japan by year and country of production, (7) the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers per day according to gender and age in Japan, and (8) the population size in 1998 by gender and age in Japan. The mean amount of Cd absorbed via the airways by smoking for smokers in Japan was calculated to be 0.89-1.78 μg/day from the above information. The values are not small in comparison with the amount of Cd absorbed from the digestive organs.The concentration of Cd in tobacco leaves harvested in Japan and cigarettes produced in Japan is generally higher than that of leaves harvested and cigarettes produced in foreign countries. The increase in the market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries and sold in Japan and the increase in the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan have decreased the amount of Cd absorbed by smoking for smokers in Japan.

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amount Of CD Absorbed From Smoking Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Sugita

Izuno

Tatemichi

et al. 2001

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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“…Furthermore, the majority of such studies is focused solely on the thallium content in cigarette smoke. According to the few available literature reports, thallium content in cigarette smoke from Marlboro determined by ICP-MS is in the range 0.6-1.6 ng/cigarette [7], 1.1 ±0.1 ng/cigarette, 2.0 ng/cigarette [14], and 1.7-2.0 ng/cigarette [15]. Analysis regarding the distribution of heavy metals Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Thallium in a Commercial Tobacco Brand Available in Poland

Karbowska¹,

Zembrzuski²

2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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It is estimated that approximately 10 million cigarettes are smoked every minute in the world and that the number of smokers is now about 1.3 billion people [1]. The health hazards associated with smoking tobacco are mainly caused by the presence of numerous chemical compounds. To date, more than 4,000 different chemicals (including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons) have been isolated from tobacco [2]. These substances also include heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium, which are mainly absorbed from the soil and accumulate in leaves. It is believed that the presence of heavy metals in cigarette smoke may be responsible for the loss of health in active and passive smokers. Moreover, exposure to heavy metals associated with smoking is often correlated with cancer incidence and mortality [3][4][5]. Studies show that metal concentrations are higher in pulmonary tissues of lung cancer cases than controls [6].Recent studies have confirmed that, aside from other heavy metals, tobacco may also contain thallium [7]. Thallium is considered to be severely toxic for humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms [8]. It is absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, spreads rapidly in the body, and accumulates in bones, kidneys, and throughout the central nervous system [9]. The toxic effect of thallium is caused by its similarity to the potassium (I) ion, which results in potassium-associated metabolic process disorders [10]. The toxicity of this element is higher compared to mercury, cadmium, and lead (maximum admissible concentration at 0.1 mg/ml) [8]. It is believed that the maximum dose of thallium should not exceed 15 micrograms, and the LD 50 for humans is 8-12 mgTl×kg -1 [11][12]. A high dose of thallium received over a short period of time may even lead to death. Diagnosis of thallium poisoning is very complicated, therefore its confirmation requires chemical analysis. The symptoms of thallium poisoning in the case of exceeding the maximum permissible doses are: vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and disturbance in the functioning of the nervous system, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys.Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 25, No. 5 (2016) AbstractThis study focused on determining thallium content in tobacco samples collected from a commercial cigarette brand commonly available in Poland (manufactured by Philip Morris). The samples were analyzed with the use of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) coupled with a flow injection analysis (FIA) system. The obtained results confirmed that thallium was present in the studied tobacco samples (average content at 0.0089 ±0.0012µg/g). These findings suggest that cigarette smokers in Poland may be exposed to the toxic effects of thallium-based compounds present in tobacco.

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“…Rates were calculated for metal transfer into smoke and retention in the butts. In two very comprehensive investigations (a local and an inter-laboratory study), SCHNEIDER and KRIVAN (601) and KRIVAN et al (602) examined as many as 57 elements in cigarette tobacco and smoke condensate, using four different analytical methods. Test pieces were the topselling German brand in 1990 and the experimental cigarette C-20 (representative for the German market at this time).…”

Section: Electrostatic Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Klus¹,

Boenke-Nimphius²,

Müller

2016

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years -from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes. Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses. The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time -some for very specific purposes -and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

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Multi-element characterization of tobacco smoke condensate

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Determining Thallium in a Commercial Tobacco Brand Available in Poland

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

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