Multi-factors including Inflammatory/Immune, Hormones, Tumor-related Proteins and Nutrition associated with Chronic Prostatitis NIH IIIa+b and IV based on FAMHES project

Abstract

Chronic prostatitis (CP) is a complex disease. Fragmentary evidence suggests that factors such as infection and autoimmunity might be associated with CP. To further elucidate potential risk factors, the current study utilized the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES) project; where 22 inflammatory/immune markers, hormone markers, tumor-related proteins, and nutrition-related variables were investigated. We also performed baseline, regression, discriminant, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. According to NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), participants were divided into chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS, pain ≥ 4; divided into IIIa and IIIb sub-groups) and non-CPPS (pain = 0; divided into IV and normal sub-groups). Analyses revealed osteocalcin as a consistent protective factor for CP/CPPS, NIH-IIIb, and NIH-IV prostatitis. Further discriminant analysis revealed that ferritin (p = 0.002) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p = 0.010) were significantly associated with NIH-IIIa and NIH-IV prostatitis, respectively. Moreover, ROC analysis suggested that ferritin was the most valuable independent predictor of NIH-IIIa prostatitis (AUC = 0.639, 95% CI = 0.534–0.745, p = 0.006). Together, our study revealed inflammatory/immune markers [immunoglobulin E, Complement (C3, C4), C-reactive protein, anti-streptolysin, and rheumatoid factors], hormone markers (osteocalcin, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and insulin), tumor-related proteins (carcinoembryonic and PSA), and a nutrition-related variable (ferritin) were significantly associated with CP or one of its subtypes.

A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Normal and Inflamed Gland

“…Etiology of CP is not fully understood and treatment is frequently unsuccessful [1][2][3] . Fragmentary epidemiological evidence indicates that risk factors such as infection, autoimmunity, inflammation, excessive amounts of tumor-related proteins, imbalance of hormones and nutritionrelated variables, including Zn and some other trace elements (TEs) as micronutrients, may be associated with CP [4] .…”

“…4 present data of Zn concentration in EPF of normal prostates obtained by the destructive and non-destructive analytical methods, respectively.…”

Investigating Causal Relations between Genetic-Related Intermediate Endophenotype and Risk of Chronic Prostatitis: Mendelian Randomization Study

“…Studies have confirmed that inflammation and immune factors (IgE, complement C4, complement C3, CRP, ASO, and RF) and hormone elements (Osteoc, FSH, testosterone, and insulin) are significantly related to the occurrence of prostatitis [ 33 ]. It showed that this study was highly consistent with the previous research results of Chen et al [ 33 ]. There were five SNP sites with a positive causal association between complement C4 and chronic prostatitis in this study.…”

Comparative analysis of the rate of microorganism detection in the prostatic fluid and ejaculate using real-time polymerase chain reaction in patients with category IV chronic prostatitis

“…Воспалительный процесс в предстательной железе (ПЖ) не всегда проявляется клинической симптоматикой, а часто сопровождается только увеличением количества лейкоцитов в секрете ПЖ или эякуляте, что обнаруживается случайным образом при профилактических осмотрах или при обследовании по поводу бесплодия или нарушения копулятивной функции [1][2][3][4][5]. Достаточно часто такая бактериоспермия остается нераспознанной, ухудшая параметры спермы и снижая вероятность наступления беременности, даже при проведении экстракорпорального оплодотворения [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”