Multi‐Instrument Investigation of the Impact of the Space Weather Events of 6–10 September 2017

Abstract

Space weather refers to the variations in the Sun, solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere, which can affect the performance of a wide range of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and pose a danger to human health and safety (Koons et al., 1999). Space weather is mainly driven by extreme solar events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), Solar Flares (SFs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs). Solar flares are large but short duration explosions on the Sun's photosphere with sudden release of large amounts of electromagnetic energy at a broad range of wavelengths, particularly in the bands of X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) (Tsurutani et al., 2009). CMEs are massive solar eruption of magnetized plasma structures into the interplanetary space (Tousey, 1973), while SEPs are very high-energy particles accelerated close to the Sun by rapidly varying magnetic fields and shock waves in the solar wind. The high-energy protons and electrons as well as intense radiation released during SFs can influence the state of the ionosphere hence, the propagation

Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data

“…The practical reason for interest is the dramatic effect the flare induced changes in the ionosphere have on radiowave propagation at a wide range of frequencies. Flare effects have been studied using VLF propagation (McRae & Thomson, 2004; Thomson et al., 2005)and MF (Li et al., 2019) and HF (Davies, 1990; Eccles et al., 2005) frequencies as well as with incoherent scatter radars (Qian et al., 2019; Xiong et al., 2011) and GPS signals (Amaechi et al., 2021). Other studies have focused on how the enhanced ionization feeds back onto perturbations in ionospheric conductivity (Curto et al., 1994) and ionospheric currents (Grodji et al.…”

Variation of Total Electron Content in the Quiet and Disturbed Period and Their Correlation with Solar Wind Parameters

“…Imtiaz et al 2020 have associated positive ionospheric response with the ionospheric electric fields and the traveling atmospheric disturbances. The variety of space weather phenomena such as the solar flare, coronal mass ejection, the high speed solar wind stream contributes to the enhanced TEC [50].…”