Multi‐Level Logic Gate Operation Based on Amplified Aptasensor Performance

Abstract

Conventional electronic circuits can perform multi-level logic operations; however, this capability is rarely realized by biological logic gates. In addition, the question of how to close the gap between biomolecular computation and silicon-based electrical circuitry is still a key issue in the bioelectronics field. Here we explore a novel split aptamer-based multi-level logic gate built from INHIBIT and AND gates that performs a net XOR analysis, with electrochemical signal as output. Based on the aptamer-target interaction and a novel concept of electrochemical rectification, a relayed charge transfer occurs upon target binding between aptamer-linked redox probes and solution-phase probes, which amplifies the sensor signal and facilitates a straightforward and reliable diagnosis. This work reveals a new route for the design of bioelectronic logic circuits that can realize multi-level logic operation, which has the potential to simplify an otherwise complex diagnosis to a "yes" or "no" decision.

Electrochemically triggered aptamer immobilization via click reaction for vascular endothelial growth factor detection

“…A decrease of the surface density would shift the detection limit to lower values, however, this would also cause a reduction of the detection range [15,16]. Alternatively, signal enhancement techniques such as electrochemical rectification, enzyme or nanoparticle amplification can be utilized to improve the sensitivity of the sensor while keeping the broad detection range [17,40]. Here, we focus on an improvement of the immobilization procedure that enables an easy tuning of aptamer coverage and high aptamer densities for a broad detection range.…”

Dual-electrochromic bipolar electrode-based universal platform for the construction of various visual advanced logic devices

“…PB was also deposited on the driving cathode, and no color change was observed at pole IV (Sub 2 = '0'), as shown in Figure 2a Operation of a three-input concatenated logic circuit In addition to the frequently operated advanced logic devices, complicated concatenated logic circuits, which are usually difficult to fabricate at the molecular scale, connected by several logic devices can perform sophisticated multi-level logic computations. 10,14,45 Our bipolar electrochemistry-based universal logic platform can not only operate advanced logic devices but also perform concatenated logic computation. A three-input concatenated logic circuit with dual output was subsequently fabricated.…”

“…[10][11][12] Although great research achievements have been realized in this area, there is still considerable room for progress. 13,14 One significant limitation is that most of the previously reported advanced logic gates (such as full/half adder/subtractor, 15 encoder/decoder, 7,16 and multiplexer/demultiplexer 17,18 ) were fabricated using luminescent 19,20 or traditional electrochemical platforms, 10,21 whose outputs (luminescence, voltage, current) were often recorded using additional equipment and difficult to visualize by the naked eye. By contrast, colorimetric logic platforms present visual outputs that are rapidly responsive, easy-to-read, and could be observed by the naked eye.…”

Tyramine Hydrochloride Based Label‐Free System for Operating Various DNA Logic Gates and a DNA Caliper for Base Number Measurements

“…In recent decades, av ariety of chemical or biochemical molecules, such as enzymes, antibodies, metal ions, and DNA, have been employed as buildinge lements to fabricate differentk inds of molecularl ogic platforms. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Amongw hich, DNA is considered to be ap romising alternative due to its sequence specificity, low cost, flexible design,a nd predictable structure. [11] Many DNA logic circuits have been reported to mimic basic, advanced, or even concatenatedl ogic computation.…”